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      Linux From Scratch (Linux с нуля)
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  </head>
  <body class="lfs" id="lfs-7.3">
    <div class="book" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
      <div class="titlepage">
        <div>
          <div>
            <h1 class="title">
              <a id="idp146512" name="idp146512"></a>Linux From Scratch (Linux с нуля)
            </h1>
          </div>
          <div>
            <h2 class="subtitle">
              Version 7.3 (Версия 7.3)
            </h2>
          </div>
          <div>
            <div class="authorgroup">
              <div class="author">
                <h3 class="author">
                  <span class="firstname">Created by Gerard</span>
                  <span class="surname">Beekmans (Автор: Герард Бикманс)</span>
                </h3>
              </div>
              <div class="author">
                <h3 class="author">
                  <span class="firstname">Edited by Matthew Burgess</span>
                  <span class="surname">and Bruce Dubbs (Редакторы: Мэтью Берджесс и Брюс Даббс)</span>
                </h3>
              </div>
	      <div class="author">
                <h3 class="author">
                  <span class="firstname">Перевод:</span>
                  <span class="surname">MicroProgs</span>
                </h3>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div>
            <p class="copyright">
              Copyright © 1999-2013 Gerard Beekmans (Копирайт © 1999-2013 Герард Бикманс)
            </p>
          </div>
          <div>
            <div class="legalnotice">
              <a id="idp2230976" name="idp2230976"></a>
              <p>
                Copyright © 1999-2013, Gerard Beekmans (Копирайт © 1999-2013 Герард Бикманс)
              </p>
              <p>
                All rights reserved. (Все права защищены.)
              </p>
              <p>
                This book is licensed under a <a class="xref" href="#CC"
                title="F.1.&nbsp;Creative Commons License">Creative Commons
                License</a>. (Эта книга имеет лицензию <a class="xref" href="#CC"
                title="F.1.&nbsp;Creative Commons License">Creative Commons
                License</a>.)
              </p>
              <p>
                Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under
                the <a class="xref" href="#MIT" title=
                "F.2.&nbsp;The MIT License">MIT License</a>. 
		(Компьютерные инструкции могут быть извлечены из книги под лицензией
                <a class="xref" href="#MIT" title=
                "F.2.&nbsp;The MIT License">MIT License</a>.)
              </p>
              <p>
                <span class="trademark">Linux</span>® is a registered
                trademark of Linus Torvalds.
		(<span class="trademark">Linux</span>® является зарегистрированной 
		торговой маркой Линуса Торвальдса.)
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <hr />
      </div>
      <div class="toc">
        <h3>
          Table of Contents
        </h3>
        <ul>
          <li class="preface">
            <h4>
              Preface
            </h4>
            <ul>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-foreword">Foreword</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-audience">Audience</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-architecture">LFS Target Architectures</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-standards">LFS and Standards</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-why">Rationale for Packages in the Book</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-prerequisites">Prerequisites</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-hostreqs">Host System Requirements</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-typography">Typography</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-organization">Structure</a>
              </li>
              <li class="sect1">
                <a href="#pre-errata">Errata</a>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li class="part">
            <h3>
              I. Introduction
            </h3>
            <ul>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  1. Introduction
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-intro-how">How to Build an LFS System</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-intro-whatsnew">What's new since the last
                    release</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scatter-changelog">Changelog</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-intro-resources">Resources</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-intro-askforhelp">Help</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li class="part">
            <h3>
              II. Preparing for the Build
            </h3>
            <ul>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  2. Preparing a New Partition
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#space-introduction">Introduction</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#space-creatingpartition">Creating a New
                    Partition</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#space-creatingfilesystem">Creating a File
                    System on the Partition</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#space-mounting">Mounting the New Partition</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  3. Packages and Patches
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#materials-introduction">Introduction</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#materials-packages">All Packages</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#materials-patches">Needed Patches</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  4. Final Preparations
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#prepare-aboutlfs">About $LFS</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-creatingtoolsdir">Creating the
                    $LFS/tools Directory</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-addinguser">Adding the LFS User</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-settingenviron">Setting Up the
                    Environment</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#prepare-aboutsbus">About SBUs</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#prepare-abouttestsuites">About the Test
                    Suites</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  5. Constructing a Temporary System
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-introduction">Introduction</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes">Toolchain
                    Technical Notes</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-generalinstructions">General
                    Compilation Instructions</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-binutils-pass1">Binutils-2.23.1 - Pass
                    1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass1">GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API
                    Headers</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-binutils-pass2">Binutils-2.23.1 - Pass
                    2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass2">GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.0</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.5</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-check">Check-0.9.9</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-bash">Bash-4.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-file">File-5.13</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-grep">Grep-2.14</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-m4">M4-1.4.16</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-make">Make-3.82</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-patch">Patch-2.7.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-sed">Sed-4.2.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-tar">Tar-1.26</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-stripping">Stripping</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-tools-changingowner">Changing Ownership</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li class="part">
            <h3>
              III. Building the LFS System
            </h3>
            <ul>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  6. Installing Basic System Software
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-introduction">Introduction</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-kernfs">Preparing Virtual Kernel File
                    Systems</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-pkgmgt">Package Management</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-chroot">Entering the Chroot
                    Environment</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-creatingdirs">Creating
                    Directories</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files
                    and Symlinks</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API
                    Headers</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-3.47</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-adjusting">Adjusting the
                    Toolchain</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.7</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.13</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-5.1.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-3.1.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.0.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.2.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.28</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.16</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-2.7</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-2.14</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-6.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-4.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.10</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.5.37</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-less">Less-451</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.2.2</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-make">Make-3.82</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.26</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
                    systemd-197)</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-aboutdebug">About Debugging
                    Symbols</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-strippingagain">Stripping Again</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-system-revisedchroot">Cleaning Up</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  7. Setting Up System Bootscripts
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-introduction">Introduction</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-network">General Network
                    Configuration</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-hosts">Customizing the /etc/hosts
                    File</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-udev">Device and Module Handling on
                    an LFS System</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-symlinks">Creating Custom Symlinks
                    to Devices</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href=
                    "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-usage">How Do These Bootscripts
                    Work?</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-hostname">Configuring the system
                    hostname</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-setclock">Configuring the setclock
                    Script</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-console">Configuring the Linux
                    Console</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-sysklogd">Configuring the sysklogd
                    Script</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-site">The rc.site File</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-profile">The Bash Shell Startup
                    Files</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-scripts-inputrc">Creating the /etc/inputrc
                    File</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  8. Making the LFS System Bootable
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-bootable-introduction">Introduction</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-bootable-fstab">Creating the /etc/fstab
                    File</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-3.8.1</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-bootable-grub">Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot
                    Process</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="chapter">
                <h4>
                  9. The End
                </h4>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-finish-getcounted">Get Counted</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-finish-reboot">Rebooting the System</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ch-finish-whatnow">What Now?</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li class="part">
            <h3>
              IV. Appendices
            </h3>
            <ul>
              <li class="appendix">
                <a href="#appendixa">A. Acronyms and Terms</a>
              </li>
              <li class="appendix">
                <a href="#appendixb">B. Acknowledgments</a>
              </li>
              <li class="appendix">
                <a href="#appendixc">C. Dependencies</a>
              </li>
              <li class="appendix">
                <a href="#scripts">D. Boot and sysconfig scripts
                version-20130123</a>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#rc">/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#init-functions">/lib/lsb/init-functions</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#functions">/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#mountvirtfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#modules">/etc/rc.d/init.d/modules</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#udev">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#swap">/etc/rc.d/init.d/swap</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#setclock">/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#checkfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#mountfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#udev_retry">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#cleanfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#console">/etc/rc.d/init.d/console</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#localnet">/etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#sysctlscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#sysklogd">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#network">/etc/rc.d/init.d/network</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#sendsignals">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#rebootscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#haltscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#template">/etc/rc.d/init.d/template</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#modulessys">/etc/sysconfig/modules</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#createfiles">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href=
                    "#config-udev-retry">/etc/sysconfig/udev-retry</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ifup">/sbin/ifup</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ifdown">/sbin/ifdown</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ipv4static">/lib/services/ipv4-static</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#ipv4route">/lib/services/ipv4-static-route</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="appendix">
                <a href="#rules">E. Udev configuration rules</a>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#lfsrules">55-lfs.rules</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
              <li class="appendix">
                <a href="#Licenses">F. LFS Licenses</a>
                <ul>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#CC">Creative Commons License</a>
                  </li>
                  <li class="sect1">
                    <a href="#MIT">The MIT License</a>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </li>
          <li class="index">
            <h3>
              <a href="#idp16703232">Index</a>
            </h3>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
      <div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <div>
              <h2 class="title">
                <a id="preface" name="preface"></a>Preface
              </h2>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-foreword" name="pre-foreword"></a>Foreword
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            My journey to learn and better understand Linux began over a
            decade ago, back in 1998. I had just installed my first Linux
            distribution and had quickly become intrigued with the whole
            concept and philosophy behind Linux.
          </p>
          <p>
            There are always many ways to accomplish a single task. The same
            can be said about Linux distributions. A great many have existed
            over the years. Some still exist, some have morphed into
            something else, yet others have been relegated to our memories.
            They all do things differently to suit the needs of their target
            audience. Because so many different ways to accomplish the same
            end goal exist, I began to realize I no longer had to be limited
            by any one implementation. Prior to discovering Linux, we simply
            put up with issues in other Operating Systems as you had no
            choice. It was what it was, whether you liked it or not. With
            Linux, the concept of choice began to emerge. If you didn't like
            something, you were free, even encouraged, to change it.
          </p>
          <p>
            I tried a number of distributions and could not decide on any
            one. They were great systems in their own right. It wasn't a
            matter of right and wrong anymore. It had become a matter of
            personal taste. With all that choice available, it became
            apparent that there would not be a single system that would be
            perfect for me. So I set out to create my own Linux system that
            would fully conform to my personal preferences.
          </p>
          <p>
            To truly make it my own system, I resolved to compile everything
            from source code instead of using pre-compiled binary packages.
            This &ldquo;<span class="quote">perfect</span>&rdquo; Linux
            system would have the strengths of various systems without their
            perceived weaknesses. At first, the idea was rather daunting. I
            remained committed to the idea that such a system could be built.
          </p>
          <p>
            After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and
            compile-time errors, I finally built a custom-built Linux system.
            It was fully operational and perfectly usable like any of the
            other Linux systems out there at the time. But it was my own
            creation. It was very satisfying to have put together such a
            system myself. The only thing better would have been to create
            each piece of software myself. This was the next best thing.
          </p>
          <p>
            As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the
            Linux community, it became apparent that there was a sustained
            interest in these ideas. It quickly became plain that such
            custom-built Linux systems serve not only to meet user specific
            requirements, but also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for
            programmers and system administrators to enhance their (existing)
            Linux skills. Out of this broadened interest, the <span class=
            "emphasis"><em>Linux From Scratch Project</em></span> was born.
          </p>
          <p>
            This Linux From Scratch book is the central core around that
            project. It provides the background and instructions necessary
            for you to design and build your own system. While this book
            provides a template that will result in a correctly working
            system, you are free to alter the instructions to suit yourself,
            which is, in part, an important part of this project. You remain
            in control; we just lend a helping hand to get you started on
            your own journey.
          </p>
          <p>
            I sincerely hope you will have a great time working on your own
            Linux From Scratch system and enjoy the numerous benefits of
            having a system that is truly your own.
          </p>
          <div class="literallayout">
            <p>
              --<br />
              Gerard&nbsp;Beekmans<br />
              gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-audience" name="pre-audience"></a>Audience
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            There are many reasons why you would want to read this book. One
            of the questions many people raise is, &ldquo;<span class=
            "quote">why go through all the hassle of manually building a
            Linux system from scratch when you can just download and install
            an existing one?</span>&rdquo;
          </p>
          <p>
            One important reason for this project's existence is to help you
            learn how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an
            LFS system helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how
            things work together and depend on each other. One of the best
            things that this learning experience can provide is the ability
            to customize a Linux system to suit your own unique needs.
          </p>
          <p>
            Another key benefit of LFS is that it allows you to have more
            control over the system without relying on someone else's Linux
            implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat and
            dictate every aspect of the system.
          </p>
          <p>
            LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. When
            installing regular distributions, you are often forced to install
            a great many programs which are probably never used or
            understood. These programs waste resources. You may argue that
            with today's hard drive and CPUs, such resources are no longer a
            consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by
            size considerations if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs,
            USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can
            be beneficial.
          </p>
          <p>
            Another advantage of a custom built Linux system is security. By
            compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered
            to audit everything and apply all the security patches desired.
            It is no longer necessary to wait for somebody else to compile
            binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you examine the
            patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee that the
            new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes the
            problem.
          </p>
          <p>
            The goal of Linux From Scratch is to build a complete and usable
            foundation-level system. If you do not wish to build your own
            Linux system from scratch, you may not entirely benefit from the
            information in this book.
          </p>
          <p>
            There are too many other good reasons to build your own LFS
            system to list them all here. In the end, education is by far the
            most powerful of reasons. As you continue in your LFS experience,
            you will discover the power that information and knowledge truly
            bring.
          </p>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-architecture" name="pre-architecture"></a>LFS
                  Target Architectures
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86
            (32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the
            instructions in this book are also known to work, with some
            modifications, with the Power PC CPU. To build a system that
            utilizes one of these CPUs, the main prerequisite, in addition to
            those on the next few pages, is an existing Linux system such as
            an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora, SuSE, or
            other distribution that targets the architecture that you have.
            Also note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed and used as
            a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer.
          </p>
          <p>
            Some other facts about 64-bit systems need to be added here. When
            compared to a 32-bit system, the sizes of executable programs are
            slightly larger and the execution speeds are only slightly
            faster. For example, in a test build of LFS-6.5 on a Core2Duo CPU
            based system, the following statistics were measured:
          </p>
          <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">Architecture Build Time     Build Size
32-bit       198.5 minutes  648 MB
64-bit       190.6 minutes  709 MB</code>
</pre>
          <p>
            As you can see, the 64-bit build is only 4% faster and is 9%
            larger than the 32-bit build. The gain from going to a 64-bit
            system is relatively minimal. Of course, if you have more than
            4GB of RAM or want to manipulate data that exceeds 4GB, the
            advantages of a 64-bit system are substantial.
          </p>
          <p>
            The default 64-bit build that results from LFS is considered a
            "pure" 64-bit system. That is, it supports 64-bit executables
            only. Building a "multi-lib" system requires compiling many
            applications twice, once for a 32-bit system and once for a
            64-bit system. This is not directly supported in LFS because it
            would interfere with the educational objective of providing the
            instructions needed for a straightforward base Linux system. You
            can refer to the <a class="ulink" href=
            "http://trac.cross-lfs.org/">Cross Linux From Scratch</a> project
            for this advanced topic.
          </p>
          <p>
            There is one last comment about 64-bit systems. There are some
            older packages that cannot currently be built in a "pure" 64-bit
            system or require specialized build instructions. Generally,
            these packages have some embedded 32-bit specific assembly
            language instructions that fail when building on a 64-bit system.
            This includes some Xorg drivers for some legacy video cards at
            <a class="ulink" href=
            "http://xorg.freedesktop.org/releases/individual/driver/">http://xorg.freedesktop.org/releases/individual/driver/</a>.
            Many of these problems can be worked around, but may require some
            specialized procedures or patches.
          </p>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-standards" name="pre-standards"></a>LFS and
                  Standards
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            The structure of LFS follows Linux standards as closely as
            possible. The primary standards are:
          </p>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">POSIX.1-2008</a>.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html">Filesystem
                  Hierarchy Standard (FHS)</a>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux
                  Standard Base (LSB) Specifications</a>
                </p>
                <p>
                  The LSB has five separate standards: Core, C++, Desktop,
                  Runtime Languages, and Printing. In addition to generic
                  requirements there are also architecture specific
                  requirements. LFS attempts to conform to the architectures
                  discussed in the previous section.
                </p>
                <div class="admon note">
                  <h3>
                    Note
                  </h3>
                  <p>
                    Many people do not agree with the requirements of the
                    LSB. The main purpose of defining it is to ensure that
                    proprietary software will be able to be installed and run
                    properly on a compliant system. Since LFS is source
                    based, the user has complete control over what packages
                    are desired and many choose not to install some packages
                    that are specified by the LSB.
                  </p>
                </div>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <p>
            Creating a complete LFS system capable of passing the LSB
            certifications tests is possible, but not without many additional
            packages that are beyond the scope of LFS. These additional
            packages have installation instructions in BLFS.
          </p>
          <div class="variablelist">
            <h4>
              <a id="idp249872" name="idp249872"></a>Packages supplied by LFS
              needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements
            </h4>
            <table border="0">
              <col align="left" valign="top" />
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Core:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, File, Findutils,
                      Gawk, Grep, Gzip, M4, Man-DB, Ncurses, Procps, Psmisc,
                      Sed, Shadow, Tar, Util-linux, Zlib
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      C++:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Gcc
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Desktop:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Runtime Languages:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Perl
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Printing:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Multimeda:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </div>
          <div class="variablelist">
            <h4>
              <a id="idp64384" name="idp64384"></a>Packages supplied by BLFS
              needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements
            </h4>
            <table border="0">
              <col align="left" valign="top" />
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Core:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      At, Batch (a part of At), Bc, Cpio, Ed, Fcrontab,
                      Initd-tools, Lsb_release, PAM, Sendmail (or Postfix or
                      Exim)
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      C++:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Desktop:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      ATK, Cairo, Desktop-file-utils, Freetype, Fontconfig,
                      Glib2, GTK+2, Icon-naming-utils, Libjpeg, Libpng,
                      Libxml2, MesaLib, Pango, Qt3, Qt4, Xorg
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Runtime Languages:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Python
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Printing:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      CUPS
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Multimeda:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Alsa Libraries, NSPR, NSS, OpenSSL, Java, Xdg-utils
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </div>
          <div class="variablelist">
            <h4>
              <a id="idp6783824" name="idp6783824"></a>Packages not supplied
              by LFS or BLFS needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements
            </h4>
            <table border="0">
              <col align="left" valign="top" />
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Core:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      C++:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Desktop:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Runtime Languages:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Printing:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
                      Multimeda:</em></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      None
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-why" name="pre-why"></a>Rationale for Packages
                  in the Book
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            As stated earlier, the goal of LFS is to build a complete and
            usable foundation-level system. This includes all packages needed
            to replicate itself while providing a relatively minimal base
            from which to customize a more complete system based on the
            choices of the user. This does not mean that LFS is the smallest
            system possible. Several important packages are included that are
            not strictly required. The lists below document the rationale for
            each package in the book.
          </p>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Autoconf
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for producing shell scripts
                  that can automatically configure source code from a
                  developer's template. It is often needed to rebuild a
                  package after updates to the build procedures.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Automake
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for generating Make files
                  from a template. It is often needed to rebuild a package
                  after updates to the build procedures.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Bash
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package satisfies an LSB core requirement to provide a
                  Bourne Shell interface to the system. It was chosen over
                  other shell packages because of its common usage and
                  extensive capabilities beyond basic shell functions.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Binutils
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a linker, an assembler, and other
                  tools for handling object files. The programs in this
                  package are needed to compile most of the packages in an
                  LFS system and beyond.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Bison
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the GNU version of yacc (Yet Another
                  Compiler Compiler) needed to build several other LFS
                  programs.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Bzip2
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for compressing and
                  decompressing files. It is required to decompress many LFS
                  packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Check
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a test harness for other programs. It
                  is only installed in the temporary toolchain.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Coreutils
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a number of essential programs for
                  viewing and manipulating files and directories. These
                  programs are needed for command line file management, and
                  are necessary for the installation procedures of every
                  package in LFS.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  DejaGNU
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a framework for testing other
                  programs. It is only installed in the temporary toolchain.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Diffutils
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs that show the differences
                  between files or directories. These programs can be used to
                  create patches, and are also used in many packages' build
                  procedures.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  E2fsprogs
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the utilities for handling the ext2,
                  ext3 and ext4 file systems. These are the most common and
                  thoroughly tested file systems that Linux supports.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Expect
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a program for carrying out scripted
                  dialogues with other interactive programs. It is commonly
                  used for testing other packages. It is only installed in
                  the temporary toolchain.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  File
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a utility for determining the type of
                  a given file or files. A few packages need it to build.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Findutils
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs to find files in a file
                  system. It is used in many packages' build scripts.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Flex
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a utility for generating programs
                  that recognize patterns in text. It is the GNU version of
                  the lex (lexical analyzer) program. It is required to build
                  several LFS packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Gawk
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for manipulating text files.
                  It is the GNU version of awk (Aho-Weinberg-Kernighan). It
                  is used in many other packages' build scripts.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Gcc
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package is the Gnu Compiler Collection. It contains
                  the C and C++ compilers as well as several others not built
                  by LFS.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  GDBM
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the GNU Database Manager library. It
                  is used by one other LFS package, Man-DB.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Gettext
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains utilities and libraries for
                  internationalization and localization of numerous packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Glibc
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the main C library. Linux programs
                  would not run without it.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  GMP
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains math libraries that provide useful
                  functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic. It is
                  required to build Gcc.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Grep
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for searching through files.
                  These programs are used by most packages' build scripts.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Groff
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for processing and
                  formatting text. One important function of these programs
                  is to format man pages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  GRUB
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package is the Grand Unified Boot Loader. It is one of
                  several boot loaders available, but is the most flexible.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Gzip
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for compressing and
                  decompressing files. It is needed to decompress many
                  packages in LFS and beyond.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Iana-etc
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package provides data for network services and
                  protocols. It is needed to enable proper networking
                  capabilities.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Inetutils
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for basic network
                  administration.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  IProute2
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for basic and advanced IPv4
                  and IPv6 networking. It was chosen over the other common
                  network tools package (net-tools) for its IPv6
                  capabilities.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Kbd
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains key-table files, keyboard utilities
                  for non-US keyboards, and a number of console fonts.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Kmod
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs needed to administer Linux
                  kernel modules.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Less
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a very nice text file viewer that
                  allows scrolling up or down when viewing a file. It is also
                  used by Man-DB for viewing manpages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Libpipeline
                </p>
                <p>
                  The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating
                  pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
                  It is required by the Man-DB package.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Libtool
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the GNU generic library support
                  script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries
                  in a consistent, portable interface. It is needed by the
                  test suites in other LFS packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Linux Kernel
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package is the Operating System. It is the Linux in
                  the GNU/Linux environment.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  M4
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a general text macro processor useful
                  as a build tool for other programs.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Make
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a program for directing the building
                  of packages. It is required by almost every package in LFS.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Man-DB
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for finding and viewing man
                  pages. It was chosen instead of the <span class=
                  "application">man</span> package due to superior
                  internationalization capabilities. It supplies the man
                  program.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Man-pages
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the actual contents of the basic
                  Linux man pages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  MPC
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains functions for the arithmetic of
                  complex numbers. It is required by Gcc.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  MPFR
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains functions for multiple precision
                  arithmetic. It is required by Gcc.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Ncurses
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains libraries for terminal-independent
                  handling of character screens. It is often used to provide
                  cursor control for a menuing system. It is needed by a
                  number of packages in LFS.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Patch
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains a program for modifying or creating
                  files by applying a <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> file typically created by
                  the <span class="application">diff</span> program. It is
                  needed by the build procedure for several LFS packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Perl
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package is an interpreter for the runtime language
                  PERL. It is needed for the installation and test suites of
                  several LFS packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Pkg-config
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package provides a program to return meta-data about
                  an installed library or package.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Procps-NG
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for monitoring processes.
                  These programs are useful for system administration, and
                  are also used by the LFS Bootscripts.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Psmisc
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for displaying information
                  about running processes. These programs are useful for
                  system administration.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Readline
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package is a set of libraries that offers command-line
                  editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Sed
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package allows editing of text without opening it in a
                  text editor. It is also needed by most LFS packages'
                  configure scripts.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Shadow
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for handling passwords in a
                  secure way.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Sysklogd
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for logging system messages,
                  such as those given by the kernel or daemon processes when
                  unusual events occur.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Sysvinit
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package provides the <span class=
                  "application">init</span> program, which is the parent of
                  all other processes on the Linux system.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Tar
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities
                  of virtually all packages used in LFS.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Tcl
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains the Tool Command Language used in
                  many test suites in LFS packages. It is only installed in
                  the temporary toolchain.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Texinfo
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for reading, writing, and
                  converting info pages. It is used in the installation
                  procedures of many LFS packages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Udev
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for dynamic creation of
                  device nodes. It is an alternative to creating thousands of
                  static devices in the /dev directory.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Util-linux
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among
                  them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles,
                  partitions, and messages.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Vim
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of
                  its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge
                  number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very
                  personal choice for many users and any other editor could
                  be substituted if desired.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  XZ Utils
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains programs for compressing and
                  decompressing files. It provides the highest compression
                  generally available and is useful for decompressing
                  packages XZ or LZMA format.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Zlib
                </p>
                <p>
                  This package contains compression and decompression
                  routines used by some programs.
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-prerequisites" name=
                  "pre-prerequisites"></a>Prerequisites
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a
            certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system administration
            in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands
            listed. In particular, as an absolute minimum, you should already
            have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move
            files and directories, list directory and file contents, and
            change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a
            reasonable knowledge of using and installing Linux software.
          </p>
          <p>
            Because the LFS book assumes <span class="emphasis"><em>at
            least</em></span> this basic level of skill, the various LFS
            support forums are unlikely to be able to provide you with much
            assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions
            regarding such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered or you
            will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.
          </p>
          <p>
            Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following
            HOWTOs:
          </p>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Software-Building-HOWTO <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html</a>
                </p>
                <p>
                  This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing
                  &ldquo;<span class="quote">generic</span>&rdquo; Unix
                  software packages under Linux. Although it was written some
                  time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic
                  techniques needed to build and install software.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  The Linux Users' Guide <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://tldp.org/pub/Linux/docs/ldp-archived/users-guide/">http://tldp.org/pub/Linux/docs/ldp-archived/users-guide/</a>
                </p>
                <p>
                  This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software.
                  This reference is also fairly old, but still valid.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  The Essential Pre-Reading Hint <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/essential_prereading.txt">
                  http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/essential_prereading.txt</a>
                </p>
                <p>
                  This is an LFS Hint written specifically for users new to
                  Linux. It includes a list of links to excellent sources of
                  information on a wide range of topics. Anyone attempting to
                  install LFS should have an understanding of many of the
                  topics in this hint.
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-hostreqs" name="pre-hostreqs"></a>Host System
                  Requirements
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            Your host system should have the following software with the
            minimum versions indicated. This should not be an issue for most
            modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions
            will place software headers into separate packages, often in the
            form of &ldquo;<span class=
            "quote">&lt;package-name&gt;-devel</span>&rdquo; or
            &ldquo;<span class=
            "quote">&lt;package-name&gt;-dev</span>&rdquo;. Be sure to
            install those if your distribution provides them.
          </p>
          <p>
            Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but
            has not been tested.
          </p>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul class="compact">
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Bash-3.2</strong></span>
                  (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Binutils-2.17</strong></span>
                  (Versions greater than 2.23.1 are not recommended as they
                  have not been tested)
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Bison-2.3</strong></span>
                  (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script
                  that executes bison)
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Bzip2-1.0.4</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Coreutils-6.9</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class=
                  "strong"><strong>Diffutils-2.8.1</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class=
                  "strong"><strong>Findutils-4.2.31</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Gawk-3.1.5</strong></span>
                  (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Gcc-4.1.2</strong></span>
                  (Versions greater than 4.7.2 are not recommended as they
                  have not been tested)
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Glibc-2.5.1</strong></span>
                  (Versions greater than 2.17 are not recommended as they
                  have not been tested)
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Grep-2.5.1a</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Gzip-1.3.12</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Linux
                  Kernel-2.6.25</strong></span> (having been compiled with
                  GCC-4.1.2 or greater)
                </p>
                <p>
                  The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we
                  specify that version when building <span class=
                  "application">glibc</span> in Chapter 6 at the
                  recommendation of the developers. It is also required by
                  udev.
                </p>
                <p>
                  If the host kernel is either earlier than 2.6.25, or it was
                  not compiled using a GCC-4.1.2 (or later) compiler, you
                  will need to replace the kernel with one adhering to the
                  specifications. There are two ways you can go about this.
                  First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 2.6.25 or later
                  kernel package. If so, you may wish to install it. If your
                  vendor doesn't offer an acceptable kernel package, or you
                  would prefer not to install it, you can compile a kernel
                  yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and
                  configuring the boot loader (assuming the host uses GRUB)
                  are located in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-bootable"
                  title=
                  "Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Making the LFS System Bootable">Chapter
                  8</a>.
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>M4-1.4.10</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Make-3.81</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Patch-2.5.4</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Perl-5.8.8</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Sed-4.1.5</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Tar-1.18</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Texinfo-4.9</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <span class="strong"><strong>Xz-5.0.0</strong></span>
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <p>
            Note that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build an
            LFS system using the instructions contained within this book.
            Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash, mawk, etc.)
            may work, but are not tested or supported by the LFS development
            team, and may require either deviation from the instructions or
            additional patches to some packages.
          </p>
          <p>
            <a id="version-check" name="version-check"></a>To see whether
            your host system has all the appropriate versions, and the
            ability to compile programs, run the following:
          </p>
          <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; version-check.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">#!/bin/bash
# Simple script to list version numbers of critical development tools

export LC_ALL=C
bash --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2-4
echo "/bin/sh -&gt; `readlink -f /bin/sh`"
echo -n "Binutils: "; ld --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f3-
bison --version | head -n1
if [ -e /usr/bin/yacc ];
  then echo "/usr/bin/yacc -&gt; `readlink -f /usr/bin/yacc`";
  else echo "yacc not found"; fi

bzip2 --version 2&gt;&amp;1 &lt; /dev/null | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f1,6-
echo -n "Coreutils: "; chown --version | head -n1 | cut -d")" -f2
diff --version | head -n1
find --version | head -n1
gawk --version | head -n1
if [ -e /usr/bin/awk ];
  then echo "/usr/bin/awk -&gt; `readlink -f /usr/bin/awk`";
  else echo "awk not found"; fi

gcc --version | head -n1
ldd --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2-  # glibc version
grep --version | head -n1
gzip --version | head -n1
cat /proc/version
m4 --version | head -n1
make --version | head -n1
patch --version | head -n1
echo Perl `perl -V:version`
sed --version | head -n1
tar --version | head -n1
echo "Texinfo: `makeinfo --version | head -n1`"
xz --version | head -n1

echo 'main(){}' &gt; dummy.c &amp;&amp; gcc -o dummy dummy.c
if [ -x dummy ]
  then echo "gcc compilation OK";
  else echo "gcc compilation failed"; fi
rm -f dummy.c dummy</code>
EOF

bash version-check.sh</kbd>
</pre>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-typography" name="pre-typography"></a>Typography
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical
            conventions used throughout this book. This section contains some
            examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From
            Scratch.
          </p>
          <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
          <p>
            This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless
            otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used in the
            explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being
            referenced.
          </p>
          <p>
            In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical
            lines with a backslash at the end of the line.
          </p>
          <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \
  --prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror</kbd>
</pre>
          <p>
            Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return.
            Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab characters will
            create incorrect results.
          </p>
          <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'</code>
</pre>
          <p>
            This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually
            as the result of commands issued. This format is also used to
            show filenames, such as <code class=
            "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>.
          </p>
          <p>
            <span class="emphasis"><em>Emphasis</em></span>
          </p>
          <p>
            This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its
            main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.
          </p>
          <p>
            <a class="ulink" href=
            "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/</a>
          </p>
          <p>
            This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community
            and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs, download locations,
            and websites.
          </p>
          <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; $LFS/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
......</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
          <p>
            This format is used when creating configuration files. The first
            command tells the system to create the file <code class=
            "filename">$LFS/etc/group</code> from whatever is typed on the
            following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is
            encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as
            seen.
          </p>
          <p>
            <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;REPLACED TEXT&gt;</code></em>
          </p>
          <p>
            This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed
            as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.
          </p>
          <p>
            <em class="replaceable"><code>[OPTIONAL TEXT]</code></em>
          </p>
          <p>
            This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.
          </p>
          <p>
            <code class="filename">passwd(5)</code>
          </p>
          <p>
            This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The
            number inside parentheses indicates a specific section inside the
            manuals. For example, <span class=
            "command"><strong>passwd</strong></span> has two man pages. Per
            LFS installation instructions, those two man pages will be
            located at <code class=
            "filename">/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</code> and <code class=
            "filename">/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</code>. When the book
            uses <code class="filename">passwd(5)</code> it is specifically
            referring to <code class=
            "filename">/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</code>. <span class=
            "command"><strong>man passwd</strong></span> will print the first
            man page it finds that matches &ldquo;<span class=
            "quote">passwd</span>&rdquo;, which will be <code class=
            "filename">/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</code>. For this example,
            you will need to run <span class="command"><strong>man 5
            passwd</strong></span> in order to read the specific page being
            referred to. It should be noted that most man pages do not have
            duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore,
            <span class="command"><strong>man <em class=
            "replaceable"><code>&lt;program
            name&gt;</code></em></strong></span> is generally sufficient.
          </p>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-organization" name=
                  "pre-organization"></a>Structure
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            This book is divided into the following parts.
          </p>
          <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <h3 class="sect2">
              Part I - Introduction
            </h3>
            <p>
              Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with
              the LFS installation. This section also provides
              meta-information about the book.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <h3 class="sect2">
              Part II - Preparing for the Build
            </h3>
            <p>
              Part II describes how to prepare for the building
              process&mdash;making a partition, downloading the packages, and
              compiling temporary tools.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <h3 class="sect2">
              Part III - Building the LFS System
            </h3>
            <p>
              Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS
              system&mdash;compiling and installing all the packages one by
              one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel.
              The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other
              software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the
              end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing all
              of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been
              installed.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="pre-errata" name="pre-errata"></a>Errata
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being
            updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become
            available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether
            the package versions or instructions in this release of LFS need
            any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or
            other bug fixes, please visit <a class="ulink" href=
            "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/7.3/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/7.3/</a>
            before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes
            shown and apply them to the relevant section of the book as you
            progress with building the LFS system.
          </p>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <div>
              <h1 class="title">
                <a id="part1" name="part1"></a>Part&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Introduction
              </h1>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-intro" name=
                  "chapter-intro"></a>Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Introduction
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-intro-how" name=
                    "ch-intro-how"></a>1.1.&nbsp;How to Build an LFS System
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The LFS system will be built by using an already installed
              Linux distribution (such as Debian, Mandriva, Red Hat, or
              SUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a
              starting point to provide necessary programs, including a
              compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select
              the &ldquo;<span class="quote">development</span>&rdquo; option
              during the distribution installation to be able to access these
              tools.
            </p>
            <p>
              As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto
              your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a commercial
              distribution.
            </p>
            <p>
              <a class="xref" href="#chapter-partitioning" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Preparing a New Partition">Chapter 2</a>
              of this book describes how to create a new Linux native
              partition and file system. This is the place where the new LFS
              system will be compiled and installed. <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-getting-materials" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Packages and Patches">Chapter 3</a>
              explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded to
              build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file
              system. <a class="xref" href="#chapter-final-preps" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;Final Preparations">Chapter 4</a>
              discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment.
              Please read <a class="xref" href="#chapter-final-preps" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;Final Preparations">Chapter 4</a>
              carefully as it explains several important issues you need be
              aware of before beginning to work your way through <a class=
              "xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> and beyond.
            </p>
            <p>
              <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> explains the installation of a number of packages that
              will form the basic development suite (or toolchain) which is
              used to build the actual system in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-building-system" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
              6</a>. Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular
              dependencies&mdash;for example, to compile a compiler, you need
              a compiler.
            </p>
            <p>
              <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> also shows you how to build a first pass of the
              toolchain, including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically
              means these two core packages will be reinstalled). The next
              step is to build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be compiled
              by the toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a
              second pass of the toolchain will be built. This time, the
              toolchain will be dynamically linked against the newly built
              Glibc. The remaining <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> packages are built using this second pass toolchain. When
              this is done, the LFS installation process will no longer
              depend on the host distribution, with the exception of the
              running kernel.
            </p>
            <p>
              This effort to isolate the new system from the host
              distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation
              as to why this is done is provided in <a class="xref" href=
              "#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" title=
              "5.2.&nbsp;Toolchain Technical Notes">Section&nbsp;5.2,
              &ldquo;Toolchain Technical Notes&rdquo;</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              In <a class="xref" href="#chapter-building-system" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
              6</a>, the full LFS system is built. The <span class=
              "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> (change root) program
              is used to enter a virtual environment and start a new shell
              whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is
              very similar to rebooting and instructing the kernel to mount
              the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not
              actually reboot, but instead <span class=
              "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span>'s because creating a
              bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary
              just yet. The major advantage is that &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">chrooting</span>&rdquo; allows you to continue using
              the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for
              package compilations to complete, you can continue using your
              computer as normal.
            </p>
            <p>
              To finish the installation, the LFS-Bootscripts are set up in
              <a class="xref" href="#chapter-bootscripts" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;Setting Up System Bootscripts">Chapter
              7</a>, and the kernel and boot loader are set up in <a class=
              "xref" href="#chapter-bootable" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Making the LFS System Bootable">Chapter
              8</a>. <a class="xref" href="#chapter-finalizing" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;9.&nbsp;The End">Chapter 9</a> contains
              information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book.
              After the steps in this book have been implemented, the
              computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.
            </p>
            <p>
              This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each
              step is discussed in the following chapters and package
              descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be
              clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on
              the LFS adventure.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-intro-whatsnew" name=
                    "ch-intro-whatsnew"></a>1.2.&nbsp;What's new since the
                    last release
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Below is a list of package updates made since the previous
              release of the book.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <p class="title">
                <b>Upgraded to:</b>
              </p>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Automake 1.13.1
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Binutils 2.23.1
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Bison 2.7
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Check 0.9.9
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Coreutils 8.21
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    E2fsprogs 1.42.7
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Gawk 4.0.2
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    GCC 4.7.2
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Gettext 0.18.2
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Glibc 2.17
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    GMP 5.1.1
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Groff 1.22.2
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    IPRoute2 3.8.0
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Kbd 1.15.5
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Kmod 12
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Less 451
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Libpipeline 1.2.2
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Linux 3.8.1
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Man-DB 2.6.3
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Man-pages 3.47
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    MPC 1.0.1
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Patch 2.7.1
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Pkg-config 0.28
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Procps-ng 3.3.6
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Psmisc 22.20
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Sed 4.2.2
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    TCL 8.6.0
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Texinfo 5.0
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Tzdata 2012j
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Udev 197 (extracted from systemd-197)
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Util-Linux 2.22.2
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <p class="title">
                <b>Added:</b>
              </p>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    bash-4.2-fixes-11.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    binutils-2.23.1-testsuite_fix-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    coreutils-8.21-i18n-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    kbd-1.15.5-backspace-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    make-3.82-upstream_fixes-3.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <p class="title">
                <b>Removed:</b>
              </p>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    bash-4.2-fixes-8.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    binutils-2.22-build_fix-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    coreutils-8.19-i18n-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    gcc-4.7.1-startfiles_fix-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    glibc-2.16.0-fix_test_installation-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    glibc-2.16.0-res_query_fix-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    kbd-1.15.3-backspace-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    kbd-1.15.3-upstream_fixes-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    kmod-9-testsuite-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    make-3.82-upstream_fixes-2.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    patch-2.6.1-test_fix-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    procps-3.2.8-fix_HZ_errors-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    procps-3.2.8-watch_unicode-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    sed-4.2.1-testsuite_fixes-1.patch
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scatter-changelog" name=
                    "ch-scatter-changelog"></a>1.3.&nbsp;Changelog
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This is version 7.3 of the Linux From Scratch book, dated March
              1, 2013. If this book is more than six months old, a newer and
              better version is probably already available. To find out,
              please check one of the mirrors via <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Below is a list of changes made since the previous release of
              the book.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <p class="title">
                <b>Changelog Entries:</b>
              </p>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-03-01
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Linux-3.8.1. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3295">#3295</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-27
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Fix a potential test error in procps-ng.
                          Thanks to Pierre Labastie for the patch. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3293">#3293</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-26
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to File-5.13. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3292">#3292</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-26
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [ken] - Remove the obsolete resizecons program from
                          kbd, again.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-24
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to IPRoute2-3.8.0. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3291">#3291</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.8. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3290">#3290</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-19
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update file name for adjusting CD-ROM
                          rules mode in section 7.5.1.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-18
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Coreutils-8.21. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3286">#3286</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Texinfo-5.0. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3289">#3284</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7.9. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3287">#3281</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-02-13
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Man-pages-3.47. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3284">#3284</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to GMP-5.1.1. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3283">#3283</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Use latest Coreutils-i18n patch from
                          Fedora. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3282">#3282</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7.7. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3281">#3281</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Groff-1.22.2. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3280">#3280</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-30
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Change ncurses instructions to create
                          and install .pc files.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-29
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Man-Pages-3.46. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3278">#3278</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7.5. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3277">#3277</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-27
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to pkg-config-0.28. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3276">#3276</a>
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-25
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Revise procps-ng install instructions to
                          place files in the proper locations.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-24
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Remove bashisms from init-functions file
                          in the boot scripts.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-24
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to e2fsprogs-1.42.7. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3274">#3274</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-22
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7.4. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3273">#3273</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-21
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Procps-ng-3.3.6. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3095">#3095</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-20
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7.3. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3272">#3272</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-11
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Revised explanation for
                          /etc/modprobe.conf. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3270">#3270</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update udev-lfs init-net-rules.sh script
                          for "en*" devices introduced in systemd-197.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-09
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Reformat 'Rebooting the System'
                          recommendations.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update udev-lfs scripts. Update to
                          systemd-197.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2013-01-02
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Bash-4.2.42. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3268">#3268</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Groff-1.22.1. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3266">#3266</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Automake-1.13.1. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3265">#3265</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Coreutils-8.20. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3215">#3215</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-31
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Add patch to fix binutils test suite.
                          All binutils tests now pass, so remove the "-k"
                          flag from test invocation. Thanks to Pierre
                          Labastie for the patch.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-30
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Kbd-1.15.5. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3239">#3239</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - All E2fsprogs tests pass now, so remove
                          the "-k" flag from its invocation.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-28
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Put traceroute in /bin for consistency.
                          Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3264">#3264</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Fix the location for mounting /dev/shm
                          inside chroot. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3258">#3258</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Move the build of Procps to before
                          E2fsprogs as the latter requires <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ps</strong></span> to be
                          available during its testsuite run.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Gettext-0.18.2. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3263">#3263</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Gawk-4.0.2. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3262">#3262</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Glibc-2.17. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3261">#3261</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Sed-4.2.2. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3260">#3260</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to GMP-5.1.0. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3259">#3259</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Tcl-8.6.0. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3257">#3257</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Man-Pages-3.45. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3256">#3256</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-18
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Automake-1.12.6. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3253">#3253</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7.1. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3254">#3254</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-16
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Util-Linux-2.22.2. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3250">#3250</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Remove a few entries from the acronym
                          list as they are no longer referenced in the book.
                          Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3249">#3249</a>.
                          Thanks to Chris Staub for the patch.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Bison-2.7. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3247">#3247</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-12
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to IPRoute2-3.7.0. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3246">#3246</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Update Check's list of installed
                          programs. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3245">#3245</a>.
                          Thanks to Chris Staub for the patch.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - All of Flex's tests pass, so remove the
                          "-k" option to its testsuite invocation. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3244">#3244</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to E2fsprogs-1.42.6. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3243">#3243</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Remove redundant --enable-addons
                          parameter to Glibc's configure script. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3241">#3241</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Update IRC server information. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3240">#3240</a>.
                          Thanks to Chris Staub for the patch.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Kmod-12. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3238">#3238</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.7. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3237">#3237</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-12-03
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Fix build issues in makefile for
                          systemd-196/udev-lfs-196.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-28
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update makefile and instructions for
                          systemd-196/udev-lfs-196.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-27
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.6.8. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3234">#3234</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-26
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Re-emphasize host system requirements in
                          Chapter 5 General Compilation Instructions.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-22
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to systemd-196/udev-lfs-196.
                          Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3233">#3233</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-18
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.6.7. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3232">#3232</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Automake-1.12.5. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3231">#3231</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-14
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Tzdata-2012j. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3227">#3227</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Binutils-2.23.1. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3226">#3226</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-13
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Tcl-8.5.13. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3224">#3224</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Kmod-11. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3223">#3223</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Man-Pages-3.44. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3222">#3222</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Bison-2.6.5. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3221">#3221</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Tzdata-2012i. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3220">#3220</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.6.6. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3218">#3219</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-03
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Perl-5.16.2. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3218">#3218</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Bash-4.2.39. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3217">#3217</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-02
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Change Freshmeat.net references to
                          Freecode. Thanks to Chris Staub for the report and
                          patch. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3216">#3216</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Check-0.9.9. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3214">#3214</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Bison-2.6.4. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3212">#3212</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.6.5. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3211">#3211</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Tzdata-2012h. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3209">#3209</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Man-Pages-3.43. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3208">#3208</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Clean up a couple of instructions for
                          Flex, made possible by the upgrade to Flex-2.5.37.
                          Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3206">3206</a>
                          and <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3210">3210</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-11-01
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to systemd/lfs-udev-195. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3197">#3197</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-10-15
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Add notes to the gcc and binutils
                          sections in Chapter 6 about "link time
                          optimization" and the extra files built by gcc.
                          Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3200">#3200</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Upgrade to tzdata-2012f. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3205">#3205</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update installed program description for
                          several packages. Thanks to Chris Staub for the
                          patch. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3203">#3203</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-10-14
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Remove utmpdump from sysvinit because it
                          is now installed by util-linux. Thanks to Chris
                          Staub for the patch. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3202">#3202</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Change procps to not install the kill
                          program that is now installed by util-linux. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3201">#3201</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to util-linux-2.22.1. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3199">#3199</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to linux-3.6.2. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3198">#3198</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Add boot/shutdown script customization
                          instructions.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-10-02
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to IPRoute2-3.6.0. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3196">#3196</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.6. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3195">#3195</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Psmisc-22.20. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3194">#3194</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Patch-2.7.1. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3193">#3193</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Add a patch to allow Kmod's testsuite
                          to pass on 32-bit systems. Fixes <a class="ulink"
                          href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3191">#3191</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to GCC-4.7.2. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3190">#3190</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Use latest upstream fixes patch for
                          Make, which enables WebKitGtk to build with
                          parallel builds. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3188">#3188</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Man-DB-2.6.3. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3187">#3187</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Libpipeline-1.2.2. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3186">#3186</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Automake-1.12.4. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3185">#3185</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Fix Flex instructions; the directory
                          creation for its documentation is performed by the
                          Makefile since r9999.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-27
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to systemd/udev-lfs-193. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3192">#3192</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-27
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to systemd/udev-lfs-192. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3189">#3189</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-16
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Patch-2.7. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3182">#3182</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to MPC-1.0.1. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3181">#3181</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Kmod-10. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3180">#3180</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Fix link to Linux User's Guide. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3179">#3179</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Less-451. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3178">#3178</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Bash-4.2.37. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3177">#3177</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Pkg-Config-0.27.1. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3174">#3174</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-3.5.4. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3173">#3173</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-05
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Add udevadm trigger --action=change line
                          to udev script to support initramfs better.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-04
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update grub packages and naming
                          conventions example.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to util-linux-2.22. Fixes
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3145">#3145</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-02
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Add a patch to Chapter 6 glibc to fix
                          the test-installation.pl script instead of just
                          preventing it from running. Fixes <a class="ulink"
                          href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3175">#3175</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - Update to systemd-189. Fixes <a class=
                          "ulink" href=
                          "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/3167">#3167</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    2012-09-01
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          [bdubbs] - LFS-7.2 released.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-intro-resources" name=
                    "ch-intro-resources"></a>1.4.&nbsp;Resources
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-intro-faq" name="ch-intro-faq"></a>1.4.1. FAQ
              </h3>
              <p>
                If during the building of the LFS system you encounter any
                errors, have any questions, or think there is a typo in the
                book, please start by consulting the Frequently Asked
                Questions (FAQ) that is located at <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/</a>.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-intro-maillists" name=
                "ch-intro-maillists"></a>1.4.2. Mailing Lists
              </h3>
              <p>
                The <code class="uri">linuxfromscratch.org</code> server
                hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of
                the LFS project. These lists include the main development and
                support lists, among others. If the FAQ does not solve the
                problem you are having, the next step would be to search the
                mailing lists at <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html</a>.
              </p>
              <p>
                For information on the different lists, how to subscribe,
                archive locations, and additional information, visit
                <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html</a>.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-intro-irc" name="ch-intro-irc"></a>1.4.3. IRC
              </h3>
              <p>
                Several members of the LFS community offer assistance on
                Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please
                make sure that your question is not already answered in the
                LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC
                network at <code class="uri">irc.freenode.net</code>. The
                support channel is named #LFS-support.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-intro-mirrors" name="ch-intro-mirrors"></a>1.4.4.
                Mirror Sites
              </h3>
              <p>
                The LFS project has a number of world-wide mirrors to make
                accessing the website and downloading the required packages
                more convenient. Please visit the LFS website at <a class=
                "ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html</a>
                for a list of current mirrors.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-intro-contactinfo" name=
                "ch-intro-contactinfo"></a>1.4.5. Contact Information
              </h3>
              <p>
                Please direct all your questions and comments to one of the
                LFS mailing lists (see above).
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-intro-askforhelp" name=
                    "ch-intro-askforhelp"></a>1.5.&nbsp;Help
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              If an issue or a question is encountered while working through
              this book, please check the FAQ page at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq</a>.
              Questions are often already answered there. If your question is
              not answered on this page, try to find the source of the
              problem. The following hint will give you some guidance for
              troubleshooting: <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt">
              http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              If you cannot find your problem listed in the FAQ, search the
              mailing lists at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              We also have a wonderful LFS community that is willing to offer
              assistance through the mailing lists and IRC (see the <a class=
              "xref" href="#ch-intro-resources" title=
              "1.4.&nbsp;Resources">Section&nbsp;1.4,
              &ldquo;Resources&rdquo;</a> section of this book). However, we
              get several support questions every day and many of them can be
              easily answered by going to the FAQ and by searching the
              mailing lists first. So, for us to offer the best assistance
              possible, you need to do some research on your own first. That
              allows us to focus on the more unusual support needs. If your
              searches do not produce a solution, please include all relevant
              information (mentioned below) in your request for help.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                1.5.1. Things to Mention
              </h3>
              <p>
                Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being
                experienced, the essential things to include in any request
                for help are:
              </p>
              <div class="itemizedlist">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The version of the book being used (in this case 7.3)
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The host distribution and version being used to create
                      LFS
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The output from the <a class="xref" href=
                      "#version-check">Section&nbsp;vii, &ldquo;Host System
                      Requirements&rdquo;</a>
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The package or section the problem was encountered in
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The exact error message or symptom being received
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      Note whether you have deviated from the book at all
                    </p>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Deviating from this book does <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>not</em></span> mean that we will not help
                  you. After all, LFS is about personal preference. Being
                  upfront about any changes to the established procedure
                  helps us evaluate and determine possible causes of your
                  problem.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                1.5.2. Configure Script Problems
              </h3>
              <p>
                If something goes wrong while running the <span class=
                "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script, review
                the <code class="filename">config.log</code> file. This file
                may contain errors encountered during <span class=
                "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> which were not
                printed to the screen. Include the <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>relevant</em></span> lines if you need to ask
                for help.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                1.5.3. Compilation Problems
              </h3>
              <p>
                Both the screen output and the contents of various files are
                useful in determining the cause of compilation problems. The
                screen output from the <span class=
                "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script and the
                <span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span> run can be
                helpful. It is not necessary to include the entire output,
                but do include enough of the relevant information. Below is
                an example of the type of information to include from the
                screen output from <span class=
                "command"><strong>make</strong></span>:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">gcc -DALIASPATH=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale:.\"
-DLOCALEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale\"
-DLIBDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/lib\"
-DINCLUDEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/include\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I.
-g -O2 -c getopt1.c
gcc -g -O2 -static -o make ar.o arscan.o commands.o dir.o
expand.o file.o function.o getopt.o implicit.o job.o main.o
misc.o read.o remake.o rule.o signame.o variable.o vpath.o
default.o remote-stub.o version.o opt1.o
-lutil job.o: In function `load_too_high':
/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1/job.c:1565: undefined reference
to `getloadavg'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [make] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1'
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1'
make: *** [all-recursive-am] Error 2</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                In this case, many people would just include the bottom
                section:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">make [2]: *** [make] Error 1</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                This is not enough information to properly diagnose the
                problem because it only notes that something went wrong, not
                <span class="emphasis"><em>what</em></span> went wrong. The
                entire section, as in the example above, is what should be
                saved because it includes the command that was executed and
                the associated error message(s).
              </p>
              <p>
                An excellent article about asking for help on the Internet is
                available online at <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html</a>.
                Read and follow the hints in this document to increase the
                likelihood of getting the help you need.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <div>
              <h1 class="title">
                <a id="part2" name="part2"></a>Part&nbsp;II.&nbsp;Preparing
                for the Build
              </h1>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-partitioning" name=
                  "chapter-partitioning"></a>Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Preparing a
                  New Partition
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="space-introduction" name=
                    "space-introduction"></a>2.1.&nbsp;Introduction
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              In this chapter, the partition which will host the LFS system
              is prepared. We will create the partition itself, create a file
              system on it, and mount it.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="space-creatingpartition" name=
                    "space-creatingpartition"></a>2.2.&nbsp;Creating a New
                    Partition
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Like most other operating systems, LFS is usually installed on
              a dedicated partition. The recommended approach to building an
              LFS system is to use an available empty partition or, if you
              have enough unpartitioned space, to create one.
            </p>
            <p>
              A minimal system requires a partition of around 2.8 gigabytes
              (GB). This is enough to store all the source tarballs and
              compile the packages. However, if the LFS system is intended to
              be the primary Linux system, additional software will probably
              be installed which will require additional space. A 10 GB
              partition is a reasonable size to provide for growth. The LFS
              system itself will not take up this much room. A large portion
              of this requirement is to provide sufficient free temporary
              storage. Compiling packages can require a lot of disk space
              which will be reclaimed after the package is installed.
            </p>
            <p>
              Because there is not always enough Random Access Memory (RAM)
              available for compilation processes, it is a good idea to use a
              small disk partition as <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
              space. This is used by the kernel to store seldom-used data and
              leave more memory available for active processes. The
              <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition for an LFS
              system can be the same as the one used by the host system, in
              which case it is not necessary to create another one.
            </p>
            <p>
              Start a disk partitioning program such as <span class=
              "command"><strong>cfdisk</strong></span> or <span class=
              "command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> with a command line
              option naming the hard disk on which the new partition will be
              created&mdash;for example <code class=
              "filename">/dev/hda</code> for the primary Integrated Drive
              Electronics (IDE) disk. Create a Linux native partition and a
              <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition, if needed.
              Please refer to <code class="filename">cfdisk(8)</code> or
              <code class="filename">fdisk(8)</code> if you do not yet know
              how to use the programs.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are
                possible. The new LFS system can be on a software <a class=
                "ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/raid.html">
                RAID</a> array or an <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/aboutlvm.html">
                LVM</a> logical volume. However, some of these options
                require an <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/initramfs.html">
                initramfs</a>, which is an advanced topic. These partitioning
                methodologies are not recommended for first time LFS users.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              Remember the designation of the new partition (e.g.,
              <code class="filename">hda5</code>). This book will refer to
              this as the LFS partition. Also remember the designation of the
              <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition. These names
              will be needed later for the <code class=
              "filename">/etc/fstab</code> file.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                2.2.1. Other Partition Issues
              </h3>
              <p>
                Requests for advice on system partitioning are often posted
                on the LFS mailing lists. This is a highly subjective topic.
                The default for most distributions is to use the entire drive
                with the exception of one small swap partition. This is not
                optimal for LFS for several reasons. It reduces flexibility,
                makes sharing of data across multiple distributions or LFS
                builds more difficult, makes backups more time consuming, and
                can waste disk space through inefficient allocation of file
                system structures.
              </p>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp7330240" name=
                        "idp7330240"></a>2.2.1.1.&nbsp;The Root Partition
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  A root LFS partition (not to be confused with the
                  <code class="filename">/root</code> directory) of ten
                  gigabytes is a good compromise for most systems. It
                  provides enough space to build LFS and most of BLFS, but is
                  small enough so that multiple partitions can be easily
                  created for experimentation.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp7332496" name=
                        "idp7332496"></a>2.2.1.2.&nbsp;The Swap Partition
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Most distributions automatically create a swap partition.
                  Generally the recommended size of the swap partition is
                  about twice the amount of physical RAM, however this is
                  rarely needed. If disk space is limited, hold the swap
                  partition to two gigabytes and monitor the amount of disk
                  swapping.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Swapping is never good. Generally you can tell if a system
                  is swapping by just listening to disk activity and
                  observing how the system reacts to commands. The first
                  reaction to swapping should be to check for an unreasonable
                  command such as trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If
                  swapping becomes a normal occurrence, the best solution is
                  to purchase more RAM for your system.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp7334768" name=
                        "idp7334768"></a>2.2.1.3.&nbsp;Convenience Partitions
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  There are several other partitions that are not required,
                  but should be considered when designing a disk layout. The
                  following list is not comprehensive, but is meant as a
                  guide.
                </p>
                <div class="itemizedlist">
                  <ul>
                    <li>
                      <p>
                        /boot &ndash; Highly recommended. Use this partition
                        to store kernels and other booting information. To
                        minimize potential boot problems with larger disks,
                        make this the first physical partition on your first
                        disk drive. A partition size of 100 megabytes is
                        quite adequate.
                      </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                      <p>
                        /home &ndash; Highly recommended. Share your home
                        directory and user customization across multiple
                        distributions or LFS builds. The size is generally
                        fairly large and depends on available disk space.
                      </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                      <p>
                        /usr &ndash; A separate /usr partition is generally
                        used if providing a server for a thin client or
                        diskless workstation. It is normally not needed for
                        LFS. A size of five gigabytes will handle most
                        installations.
                      </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                      <p>
                        /opt &ndash; This directory is most useful for BLFS
                        where multiple installations of large packages like
                        Gnome or KDE can be installed without embedding the
                        files in the /usr hierarchy. If used, 5 to 10
                        gigabytes is generally adequate.
                      </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                      <p>
                        /tmp &ndash; A separate /tmp directory is rare, but
                        useful if configuring a thin client. This partition,
                        if used, will usually not need to exceed a couple of
                        gigabytes.
                      </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                      <p>
                        /usr/src &ndash; This partition is very useful for
                        providing a location to store BLFS source files and
                        share them across LFS builds. It can also be used as
                        a location for building BLFS packages. A reasonably
                        large partition of 30-50 gigabytes allows plenty of
                        room.
                      </p>
                    </li>
                  </ul>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Any separate partition that you want automatically mounted
                  upon boot needs to be specified in the <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/fstab</code>. Details about how to specify
                  partitions will be discussed in <a class="xref" href=
                  "#ch-bootable-fstab" title=
                  "8.2.&nbsp;Creating the /etc/fstab File">Section&nbsp;8.2,
                  &ldquo;Creating the /etc/fstab File&rdquo;</a>.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="space-creatingfilesystem" name=
                    "space-creatingfilesystem"></a>2.3.&nbsp;Creating a File
                    System on the Partition
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Now that a blank partition has been set up, the file system can
              be created. The most widely-used system in the Linux world is
              the second extended file system (<code class=
              "systemitem">ext2</code>), but with newer high-capacity hard
              disks, journaling file systems are becoming increasingly
              popular. The third extended filesystem (<code class=
              "systemitem">ext3</code>) is a widely used enhancement to
              <code class="systemitem">ext2</code>, which adds journaling
              capabilities and is compatible with the E2fsprogs utilities. We
              will create an <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file
              system. Instructions for creating other file systems can be
              found at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/filesystems.html">
              http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/filesystems.html</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              To create an <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file system
              on the LFS partition, run the following:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mke2fs -jv /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
              with the name of the LFS partition (<code class=
              "filename">hda5</code> in our previous example).
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                Some host distributions use custom features in their
                filesystem creation tools (E2fsprogs). This can cause
                problems when booting into your new LFS in Chapter 9, as
                those features will not be supported by the LFS-installed
                E2fsprogs; you will get an error similar to
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">unsupported filesystem features,
                upgrade your e2fsprogs</span>&rdquo;. To check if your host
                system uses custom enhancements, run the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">debugfs -R feature /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If the output contains features other than <code class=
                "option">has_journal</code>, <code class=
                "option">ext_attr</code>, <code class=
                "option">resize_inode</code>, <code class=
                "option">dir_index</code>, <code class=
                "option">filetype</code>, <code class=
                "option">sparse_super</code>, <code class=
                "option">large_file</code> or <code class=
                "option">needs_recovery</code>, then your host system may
                have custom enhancements. In that case, to avoid later
                problems, you should compile the stock E2fsprogs package and
                use the resulting binaries to re-create the filesystem on
                your LFS partition:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd /tmp
tar -xzvf /path/to/sources/e2fsprogs-1.42.7.tar.gz
cd e2fsprogs-1.42.7
mkdir -v build
cd build
../configure
make #note that we intentionally don't 'make install' here!
./misc/mke2fs -jv /dev/<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
cd /tmp
rm -rfv e2fsprogs-1.42.7</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <p>
              If you are using an existing <code class=
              "systemitem">swap</code> partition, there is no need to format
              it. If a new <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition was
              created, it will need to be initialized with this command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkswap /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em>
              with the name of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
              partition.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="space-mounting" name=
                    "space-mounting"></a>2.4.&nbsp;Mounting the New Partition
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Now that a file system has been created, the partition needs to
              be made accessible. In order to do this, the partition needs to
              be mounted at a chosen mount point. For the purposes of this
              book, it is assumed that the file system is mounted under
              <code class="filename">/mnt/lfs</code>, but the directory
              choice is up to you.
            </p>
            <p>
              Choose a mount point and assign it to the <code class=
              "envar">LFS</code> environment variable by running:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">export LFS=/mnt/lfs</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Next, create the mount point and mount the LFS file system by
              running:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext3 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
              with the designation of the LFS partition.
            </p>
            <p>
              If using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for
              <code class="filename">/</code> and another for <code class=
              "filename">/usr</code>), mount them using:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext3 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> $LFS
mkdir -v $LFS/usr
mount -v -t ext3 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em> $LFS/usr</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
              and <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em> with
              the appropriate partition names.
            </p>
            <p>
              Ensure that this new partition is not mounted with permissions
              that are too restrictive (such as the <code class=
              "option">nosuid</code> or <code class="option">nodev</code>
              options). Run the <span class=
              "command"><strong>mount</strong></span> command without any
              parameters to see what options are set for the mounted LFS
              partition. If <code class="option">nosuid</code>, <code class=
              "option">nodev</code>, and/or <code class=
              "option">noatime</code> are set, the partition will need to be
              remounted.
            </p>
            <p>
              If you are using a <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
              partition, ensure that it is enabled using the <span class=
              "command"><strong>swapon</strong></span> command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">/sbin/swapon -v /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;zzz&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;zzz&gt;</code></em>
              with the name of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
              partition.
            </p>
            <p>
              Now that there is an established place to work, it is time to
              download the packages.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-getting-materials" name=
                  "chapter-getting-materials"></a>Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Packages
                  and Patches
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="materials-introduction" name=
                    "materials-introduction"></a>3.1.&nbsp;Introduction
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This chapter includes a list of packages that need to be
              downloaded in order to build a basic Linux system. The listed
              version numbers correspond to versions of the software that are
              known to work, and this book is based on their use. We highly
              recommend against using newer versions because the build
              commands for one version may not work with a newer version. The
              newest package versions may also have problems that require
              work-arounds. These work-arounds will be developed and
              stabilized in the development version of the book.
            </p>
            <p>
              Download locations may not always be accessible. If a download
              location has changed since this book was published, Google
              (<a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.google.com/">http://www.google.com/</a>) provides a
              useful search engine for most packages. If this search is
              unsuccessful, try one of the alternative means of downloading
              discussed at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/packages.html#packages">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/packages.html#packages</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Downloaded packages and patches will need to be stored
              somewhere that is conveniently available throughout the entire
              build. A working directory is also required to unpack the
              sources and build them. <code class=
              "filename">$LFS/sources</code> can be used both as the place to
              store the tarballs and patches and as a working directory. By
              using this directory, the required elements will be located on
              the LFS partition and will be available during all stages of
              the building process.
            </p>
            <p>
              To create this directory, execute the following command, as
              user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, before starting the
              download session:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Make this directory writable and sticky. &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">Sticky</span>&rdquo; means that even if multiple users
              have write permission on a directory, only the owner of a file
              can delete the file within a sticky directory. The following
              command will enable the write and sticky modes:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              An easy way to download all of the packages and patches is by
              using <a class="ulink" href="wget-list">wget-list</a> as an
              input to <span class="command"><strong>wget</strong></span>.
              For example:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">wget -i wget-list -P $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Additionally, starting with LFS-7.0, there is a separate file,
              <a class="ulink" href="md5sums">md5sums</a>, can be used to
              verify that all the correct packages are available before
              proceeding. Place that file in <code class=
              "filename">$LFS/sources</code> and run:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">pushd $LFS/sources
md5sum -c md5sums
popd</kbd>
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="materials-packages" name=
                    "materials-packages"></a>3.2.&nbsp;All Packages
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Download or otherwise obtain the following packages:
            </p>
            <div class="materials">
              <div class="variablelist">
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Autoconf (2.69) - <span class=
                    "token">1,186 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/">http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">50f97f4159805e374639a73e2636f22e</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Automake (1.13.1) - <span class=
                    "token">1,392 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/">http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.13.1.tar.xz">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.13.1.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">a60380ab11e1481376b7747d1b42ced2</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Bash (4.2) - <span class="token">6,845
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">3fb927c7c33022f1c327f14a81c0d4b0</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Binutils (2.23.1) - <span class=
                    "token">20,953 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.23.1.tar.bz2">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.23.1.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">33adb18c3048d057ac58d07a3f1adb38</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Bison (2.7) - <span class=
                    "token">1,735 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-2.7.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-2.7.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">234cdfac99257cf99ac4a03c898f37b9</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Bzip2 (1.0.6) - <span class=
                    "token">764 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.bzip.org/">http://www.bzip.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.bzip.org/1.0.6/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz">http://www.bzip.org/1.0.6/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">00b516f4704d4a7cb50a1d97e6e8e15b</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Check (0.9.9) - <span class=
                    "token">589 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://check.sourceforge.net/">http://check.sourceforge.net/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://sourceforge.net/projects/check/files/check/0.9.9/check-0.9.9.tar.gz">
                      http://sourceforge.net/projects/check/files/check/0.9.9/check-0.9.9.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">f3702f2fcfc19ce3f62dca66c241a168</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Coreutils (8.21) - <span class=
                    "token">5,248 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-8.21.tar.xz">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-8.21.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">065ba41828644eca5dd8163446de5d64</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">DejaGNU (1.5) - <span class=
                    "token">563 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/">http://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.5.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.5.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">3df1cbca885e751e22d3ebd1ac64dc3c</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Diffutils (3.2) - <span class=
                    "token">1,976 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">22e4deef5d8949a727b159d6bc65c1cc</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">E2fsprogs (1.42.7) - <span class=
                    "token">5,856 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/">http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.7.tar.gz">
                      http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.42.7.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">a1ec22ef003688dae9f76c74881b22b9</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Expect (5.45) - <span class=
                    "token">614 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://expect.sourceforge.net/">http://expect.sourceforge.net/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.tar.gz">
                      http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">44e1a4f4c877e9ddc5a542dfa7ecc92b</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">File (5.13) - <span class="token">627
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.darwinsys.com/file/">http://www.darwinsys.com/file/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.13.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.13.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">d60c1364ba956eff7d21f8250808fc6d</code>
                    </p>
                    <div class="admon note">
                      <h3>
                        Note
                      </h3>
                      <p>
                        File (5.13) may no longer be available at the listed
                        location. The site administrators of the master
                        download location occasionally remove older versions
                        when new ones are released. An alternative download
                        location that may have the correct version available
                        can also be found at: <a class="ulink" href=
                        "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html#ftp">
                        http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html#ftp</a>.
                      </p>
                    </div>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Findutils (4.4.2) - <span class=
                    "token">2,100 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">351cc4adb07d54877fa15f75fb77d39f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Flex (2.5.37) - <span class=
                    "token">1,280 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://flex.sourceforge.net">http://flex.sourceforge.net</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2">
                      http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/flex/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">c75940e1fc25108f2a7b3ef42abdae06</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Gawk (4.0.2) - <span class=
                    "token">1,589 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.0.2.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.0.2.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">8a9b2f1170ac9dcd3eb13716b5ec4021</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">GCC (4.7.2) - <span class=
                    "token">80,942 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://gcc.gnu.org/">http://gcc.gnu.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-4.7.2/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-4.7.2/gcc-4.7.2.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">cc308a0891e778cfda7a151ab8a6e762</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">GDBM (1.10) - <span class="token">640
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.10.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.10.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">88770493c2559dc80b561293e39d3570</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Gettext (0.18.2) - <span class=
                    "token">15,330 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.18.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.18.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">0c86e5af70c195ab8bd651d17d783928</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Glibc (2.17) - <span class=
                    "token">10,725 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.17.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.17.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">87bf675c8ee523ebda4803e8e1cec638</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">GMP (5.1.1) - <span class=
                    "token">1,771 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "ftp://ftp.gmplib.org/pub/gmp-5.1.1/gmp-5.1.1.tar.xz">ftp://ftp.gmplib.org/pub/gmp-5.1.1/gmp-5.1.1.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">485b1296e6287fa381e6015b19767989</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Grep (2.14) - <span class=
                    "token">1,172 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/">http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-2.14.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-2.14.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">d4a3f03849d1e17ce56ab76aa5a24cab</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Groff (1.22.2) - <span class=
                    "token">3,926 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/">http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">9f4cd592a5efc7e36481d8d8d8af6d16</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">GRUB (2.00) - <span class=
                    "token">5,016 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/">http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.00.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.00.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">a1043102fbc7bcedbf53e7ee3d17ab91</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Gzip (1.5) - <span class="token">704
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.5.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.5.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">2a431e169b6f62f7332ef6d47cc53bae</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Iana-Etc (2.30) - <span class=
                    "token">201 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://freshmeat.net/projects/iana-etc/">http://freshmeat.net/projects/iana-etc/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/sources/LFS/lfs-packages/conglomeration//iana-etc/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2">
                      http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/sources/LFS/lfs-packages/conglomeration//iana-etc/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">3ba3afb1d1b261383d247f46cb135ee8</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Inetutils (1.9.1) - <span class=
                    "token">1,941 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz">
                      http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">944f7196a2b3dba2d400e9088576000c</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">IPRoute2 (3.8.0) - <span class=
                    "token">398 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.8.0.tar.xz">
                      http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-3.8.0.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">951622fd770428116dc165acba375414</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Kbd (1.15.5) - <span class=
                    "token">1,690 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd">http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.5.tar.gz">
                      http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd/kbd-1.15.5.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">34c71feead8ab9c01ec638acea8cd877</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Kmod (12) - <span class="token">1,245
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-12.tar.xz">
                      http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-12.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">3d63b146c8ee5a04dfbef4be97f8226b</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Less (451) - <span class="token">303
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/">http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-451.tar.gz">
                      http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-451.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">765f082658002b2b46b86af4a0da1842</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">LFS-Bootscripts (20130123) -
                    <span class="token">33 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/7.3/lfs-bootscripts-20130123.tar.bz2">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/7.3/lfs-bootscripts-20130123.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">2a53fcba68e9f5ed6770c47f05987959</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Libpipeline (1.2.2) - <span class=
                    "token">733 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/">http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.2.2.tar.gz">
                      http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.2.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">4367a3f598d171fd43dfa8620ed16d55</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Libtool (2.4.2) - <span class=
                    "token">2,571 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">d2f3b7d4627e69e13514a40e72a24d50</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Linux (3.8.1) - <span class=
                    "token">69,3292 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/">http://www.kernel.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.8.1.tar.xz">
                      http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.8.1.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">093b172f907d5455a6746418ad18f5bc</code>
                    </p>
                    <div class="admon note">
                      <h3>
                        Note
                      </h3>
                      <p>
                        The Linux kernel is updated relatively often, many
                        times due to discoveries of security vulnerabilities.
                        The latest available 3.8.x kernel version should be
                        used, unless the errata page says otherwise.
                      </p>
                      <p>
                        For users with limited speed or expensive bandwidth
                        who wish to update the Linux kernel, a baseline
                        version of the package and patches can be downloaded
                        separately. This may save some time or cost for a
                        subsequent patch level upgrade within a minor
                        release.
                      </p>
                    </div>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">M4 (1.4.16) - <span class=
                    "token">1,229 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/">http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.16.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">8a7cef47fecab6272eb86a6be6363b2f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Make (3.82) - <span class=
                    "token">1,213 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">http://www.gnu.org/software/make/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-3.82.tar.bz2">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-3.82.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">1a11100f3c63fcf5753818e59d63088f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Man-DB (2.6.3) - <span class=
                    "token">1,356 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.nongnu.org/man-db/">http://www.nongnu.org/man-db/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.6.3.tar.xz">
                      http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.6.3.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">a593a095599ae97bcacf8d038659a146</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Man-pages (3.47) - <span class=
                    "token">1,108 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/">http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-3.47.tar.xz">
                      http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-3.47.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">2046259794d3003f4dc4dbe4b688ba2f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">MPC (1.0.1) - <span class="token">610
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.multiprecision.org/">http://www.multiprecision.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz">
                      http://www.multiprecision.org/mpc/download/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">b32a2e1a3daa392372fbd586d1ed3679</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">MPFR (3.1.1) - <span class=
                    "token">1,047 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.mpfr.org/">http://www.mpfr.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.xz">http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-3.1.1/mpfr-3.1.1.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">91d51c41fcf2799e4ee7a7126fc95c17</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Ncurses (5.9) - <span class=
                    "token">2,760 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/">http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">8cb9c412e5f2d96bc6f459aa8c6282a1</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Patch (2.7.1) - <span class=
                    "token">660 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/">http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.1.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">e9ae5393426d3ad783a300a338c09b72</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Perl (5.16.2) - <span class=
                    "token">13,403 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.perl.org/">http://www.perl.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.16.2.tar.bz2">http://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.16.2.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">2818ab01672f005a4e552a713aa27b08</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Pkg-config (0.28) - <span class=
                    "token">1,892 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config">http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://pkgconfig.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.28.tar.gz">
                      http://pkgconfig.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.28.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">aa3c86e67551adc3ac865160e34a2a0d</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Procps (3.3.6) - <span class=
                    "token">528 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng">http://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.6.tar.xz">
                      http://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.6.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">0a050d9be531921db3cd38f1371e73e3</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Psmisc (22.20) - <span class=
                    "token">422 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://psmisc.sourceforge.net/">http://psmisc.sourceforge.net/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz">
                      http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/psmisc/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">a25fc99a6dc7fa7ae6e4549be80b401f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Readline (6.2) - <span class=
                    "token">2,225 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html">
                      http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-6.2.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">67948acb2ca081f23359d0256e9a271c</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Sed (4.2.2) - <span class=
                    "token">1,035 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/">http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">7ffe1c7cdc3233e1e0c4b502df253974</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Shadow (4.1.5.1) - <span class=
                    "token">2,142 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/">http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.5.1.tar.bz2">
                      http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/releases/shadow-4.1.5.1.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">a00449aa439c69287b6d472191dc2247</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Sysklogd (1.5) - <span class=
                    "token">85 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/">http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.tar.gz">
                      http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">e053094e8103165f98ddafe828f6ae4b</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Sysvinit (2.88dsf) - <span class=
                    "token">108 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit">http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2">
                      http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">6eda8a97b86e0a6f59dabbf25202aa6f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Tar (1.26) - <span class="token">2,285
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.26.tar.bz2">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.26.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">2cee42a2ff4f1cd4f9298eeeb2264519</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Tcl (8.6.0) - <span class=
                    "token">8,435 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://tcl.sourceforge.net/">http://tcl.sourceforge.net/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.0-src.tar.gz">
                      http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.0-src.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">573aa5fe678e9185ef2b3c56b24658d3</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Time Zone Data (2012j) - <span class=
                    "token">209 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.iana.org/time-zones">http://www.iana.org/time-zones</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.iana.org//time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2012j.tar.gz">
                      http://www.iana.org//time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2012j.tar.gz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">ba2f92ae7ad099090e8f86cff2f2d799</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Texinfo (5.0) - <span class=
                    "token">3,000 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/">http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-5.0.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-5.0.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">ef2fad34c71ddc95b20c7d6a08c0d7a6</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Systemd (197) - <span class=
                    "token">2,012 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/">http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/systemd-197.tar.xz">
                      http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/systemd-197.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">56a860dceadfafe59f40141eb5223743</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Udev-lfs Tarball (197) - <span class=
                    "token">17 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/sources/other/udev-lfs-197-2.tar.bz2">
                      http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/sources/other/udev-lfs-197-2.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">f4272c121514caf0c2a6245fbffeb047</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Util-linux (2.22.2) - <span class=
                    "token">3,028 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://userweb.kernel.org/~kzak/util-linux/">http://userweb.kernel.org/~kzak/util-linux/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.22/util-linux-2.22.2.tar.xz">
                      http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.22/util-linux-2.22.2.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">eeacbfdd2556acd899a2d0ffdb446185</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Vim (7.3) - <span class="token">8,675
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.vim.org">http://www.vim.org</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/unix/vim-7.3.tar.bz2">ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/unix/vim-7.3.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">5b9510a17074e2b37d8bb38ae09edbf2</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Xz Utils (5.0.4) - <span class=
                    "token">894 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://tukaani.org/xz">http://tukaani.org/xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.4.tar.xz">http://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.0.4.tar.xz</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">161015c4a65b1f293d31810e1df93090</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Zlib (1.2.7) - <span class="token">493
                    KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.zlib.net/">http://www.zlib.net/</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.7.tar.bz2">http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.7.tar.bz2</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">2ab442d169156f34c379c968f3f482dd</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Total size of these packages: about 915 MB
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="materials-patches" name=
                    "materials-patches"></a>3.3.&nbsp;Needed Patches
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              In addition to the packages, several patches are also required.
              These patches correct any mistakes in the packages that should
              be fixed by the maintainer. The patches also make small
              modifications to make the packages easier to work with. The
              following patches will be needed to build an LFS system:
            </p>
            <div class="materials">
              <div class="variablelist">
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Bash Upstream Fixes Patch -
                    <span class="token">55 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/bash-4.2-fixes-11.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/bash-4.2-fixes-11.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">366672f68e7cf214bdbef2ef14b13c23</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Binutils Test Suite Patch -
                    <span class="token">2.0 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/binutils-2.23.1-testsuite_fix-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/binutils-2.23.1-testsuite_fix-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">cb47fae1bc572d45f4b0cff8ae8ecba8</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Bzip2 Documentation Patch -
                    <span class="token">1.6 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/bzip2-1.0.6-install_docs-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/bzip2-1.0.6-install_docs-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">6a5ac7e89b791aae556de0f745916f7f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Coreutils Internationalization Fixes
                    Patch - <span class="token">132 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/coreutils-8.21-i18n-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/coreutils-8.21-i18n-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">ada0ea6e1c00c4b7e0d634f49827943e</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Flex Regression Tests Patch -
                    <span class="token">2.8 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/flex-2.5.37-bison-2.6.1-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/flex-2.5.37-bison-2.6.1-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">d5b001ef9bdbbe32e2f27576d97d8ff0</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Kbd Backspace/Delete Fix Patch -
                    <span class="token">12 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/kbd-1.15.5-backspace-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/kbd-1.15.5-backspace-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">f75cca16a38da6caa7d52151f7136895</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Make Upstream Fixes Patch -
                    <span class="token">10 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/make-3.82-upstream_fixes-3.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/make-3.82-upstream_fixes-3.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">95027ab5b53d01699845d9b7e1dc878d</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Perl Libc Patch - <span class=
                    "token">1.6 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/perl-5.16.2-libc-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/perl-5.16.2-libc-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">daf5c64fd7311e924966842680535f8f</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term">Readline Upstream Fixes Patch -
                    <span class="token">1.3 KB</span>:</span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Download: <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/readline-6.2-fixes-1.patch">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/7.3/readline-6.2-fixes-1.patch</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      MD5 sum: <code class=
                      "literal">3c185f7b76001d3d0af614f6f2cd5dfa</code>
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Total size of these patches: about 218.3 KB
            </p>
            <p>
              In addition to the above required patches, there exist a number
              of optional patches created by the LFS community. These
              optional patches solve minor problems or enable functionality
              that is not enabled by default. Feel free to peruse the patches
              database located at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/</a>
              and acquire any additional patches to suit your system needs.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-final-preps" name=
                  "chapter-final-preps"></a>Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;Final
                  Preparations
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="prepare-aboutlfs" name=
                    "prepare-aboutlfs"></a>4.1.&nbsp;About $LFS
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Throughout this book, the environment variable <code class=
              "envar">LFS</code> will be used. It is paramount that this
              variable is always defined. It should be set to the mount point
              chosen for the LFS partition. Check that the <code class=
              "envar">LFS</code> variable is set up properly with:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Make sure the output shows the path to the LFS partition's
              mount point, which is <code class="filename">/mnt/lfs</code> if
              the provided example was followed. If the output is incorrect,
              the variable can be set with:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">export LFS=/mnt/lfs</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as
              <span class="command"><strong>mkdir $LFS/tools</strong></span>
              can be typed literally. The shell will automatically replace
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">$LFS</span>&rdquo; with
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">/mnt/lfs</span>&rdquo; (or whatever
              the variable was set to) when it processes the command line.
            </p>
            <p>
              Do not forget to check that <code class="envar">$LFS</code> is
              set whenever you leave and reenter the current working
              environment (as when doing a <span class=
              "command"><strong>su</strong></span> to <code class=
              "systemitem">root</code> or another user).
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-creatingtoolsdir" name=
                    "ch-tools-creatingtoolsdir"></a>4.2.&nbsp;Creating the
                    $LFS/tools Directory
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              All programs compiled in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> will be installed under <code class=
              "filename">$LFS/tools</code> to keep them separate from the
              programs compiled in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-building-system" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
              6</a>. The programs compiled here are temporary tools and will
              not be a part of the final LFS system. By keeping these
              programs in a separate directory, they can easily be discarded
              later after their use. This also prevents these programs from
              ending up in the host production directories (easy to do by
              accident in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools"
              title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a>).
            </p>
            <p>
              Create the required directory by running the following as
              <code class="systemitem">root</code>:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/tools</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The next step is to create a <code class=
              "filename">/tools</code> symlink on the host system. This will
              point to the newly-created directory on the LFS partition. Run
              this command as <code class="systemitem">root</code> as well:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv $LFS/tools /</kbd>
</pre>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The above command is correct. The <span class=
                "command"><strong>ln</strong></span> command has a few
                syntactic variations, so be sure to check <span class=
                "command"><strong>info coreutils ln</strong></span> and
                <code class="filename">ln(1)</code> before reporting what you
                may think is an error.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              The created symlink enables the toolchain to be compiled so
              that it always refers to <code class="filename">/tools</code>,
              meaning that the compiler, assembler, and linker will work both
              in Chapter 5 (when we are still using some tools from the host)
              and in the next (when we are &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">chrooted</span>&rdquo; to the LFS partition).
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-addinguser" name=
                    "ch-tools-addinguser"></a>4.3.&nbsp;Adding the LFS User
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              When logged in as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>,
              making a single mistake can damage or destroy a system.
              Therefore, we recommend building the packages in this chapter
              as an unprivileged user. You could use your own user name, but
              to make it easier to set up a clean working environment, create
              a new user called <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> as a
              member of a new group (also named <code class=
              "systemitem">lfs</code>) and use this user during the
              installation process. As <code class="systemitem">root</code>,
              issue the following commands to add the new user:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">groupadd lfs
useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs</kbd>
</pre>
            <div class="variablelist">
              <p class="title">
                <b>The meaning of the command line options:</b>
              </p>
              <dl>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-s
                  /bin/bash</code></em></span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This makes <span class=
                    "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> the default shell
                    for user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-g
                  lfs</code></em></span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This option adds user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>
                    to group <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term"><em class=
                  "parameter"><code>-m</code></em></span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This creates a home directory for <code class=
                    "systemitem">lfs</code>.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-k
                  /dev/null</code></em></span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This parameter prevents possible copying of files from a
                    skeleton directory (default is <code class=
                    "filename">/etc/skel</code>) by changing the input
                    location to the special null device.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term"><em class=
                  "parameter"><code>lfs</code></em></span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This is the actual name for the created group and user.
                  </p>
                </dd>
              </dl>
            </div>
            <p>
              To log in as <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> (as opposed to
              switching to user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> when
              logged in as <code class="systemitem">root</code>, which does
              not require the <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> user to
              have a password), give <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> a
              password:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">passwd lfs</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Grant <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> full access to
              <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> by making <code class=
              "systemitem">lfs</code> the directory owner:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -v lfs $LFS/tools</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If a separate working directory was created as suggested, give
              user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> ownership of this
              directory:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -v lfs $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Next, login as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>. This
              can be done via a virtual console, through a display manager,
              or with the following substitute user command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">su - lfs</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The &ldquo;<span class="quote"><em class=
              "parameter"><code>-</code></em></span>&rdquo; instructs
              <span class="command"><strong>su</strong></span> to start a
              login shell as opposed to a non-login shell. The difference
              between these two types of shells can be found in detail in
              <code class="filename">bash(1)</code> and <span class=
              "command"><strong>info bash</strong></span>.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-settingenviron" name=
                    "ch-tools-settingenviron"></a>4.4.&nbsp;Setting Up the
                    Environment
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup
              files for the <span class=
              "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> shell. While logged in
              as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>, issue the
              following command to create a new <code class=
              "filename">.bash_profile</code>:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; ~/.bash_profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class=
"literal">exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              When logged on as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>, the
              initial shell is usually a <span class=
              "emphasis"><em>login</em></span> shell which reads the
              <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> of the host
              (probably containing some settings and environment variables)
              and then <code class="filename">.bash_profile</code>. The
              <span class="command"><strong>exec env
              -i.../bin/bash</strong></span> command in the <code class=
              "filename">.bash_profile</code> file replaces the running shell
              with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for
              the <code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class=
              "envar">TERM</code>, and <code class="envar">PS1</code>
              variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially
              hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into
              the build environment. The technique used here achieves the
              goal of ensuring a clean environment.
            </p>
            <p>
              The new instance of the shell is a <span class=
              "emphasis"><em>non-login</em></span> shell, which does not read
              the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> or <code class=
              "filename">.bash_profile</code> files, but rather reads the
              <code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file instead. Create the
              <code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file now:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The <span class="command"><strong>set +h</strong></span>
              command turns off <span class=
              "command"><strong>bash</strong></span>'s hash function. Hashing
              is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<span class=
              "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> uses a hash table to
              remember the full path of executable files to avoid searching
              the <code class="envar">PATH</code> time and again to find the
              same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon
              as they are installed. By switching off the hash function, the
              shell will always search the <code class="envar">PATH</code>
              when a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the
              newly compiled tools in <code class=
              "filename">$LFS/tools</code> as soon as they are available
              without remembering a previous version of the same program in a
              different location.
            </p>
            <p>
              Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that
              newly created files and directories are only writable by their
              owner, but are readable and executable by anyone (assuming
              default modes are used by the <code class=
              "function">open(2)</code> system call, new files will end up
              with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755).
            </p>
            <p>
              The <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable should be set to
              the chosen mount point.
            </p>
            <p>
              The <code class="envar">LC_ALL</code> variable controls the
              localization of certain programs, making their messages follow
              the conventions of a specified country. If the host system uses
              a version of Glibc older than 2.2.4, having <code class=
              "envar">LC_ALL</code> set to something other than
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">POSIX</span>&rdquo; or
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">C</span>&rdquo; (during this
              chapter) may cause issues if you exit the chroot environment
              and wish to return later. Setting <code class=
              "envar">LC_ALL</code> to &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">POSIX</span>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">C</span>&rdquo; (the two are equivalent) ensures that
              everything will work as expected in the chroot environment.
            </p>
            <p>
              The <code class="envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable sets a
              non-default, but compatible machine description for use when
              building our cross compiler and linker and when cross compiling
              our temporary toolchain. More information is contained in
              <a class="xref" href="#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" title=
              "5.2.&nbsp;Toolchain Technical Notes">Section&nbsp;5.2,
              &ldquo;Toolchain Technical Notes&rdquo;</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              By putting <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> ahead of
              the standard <code class="envar">PATH</code>, all the programs
              installed in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools"
              title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> are picked up by the shell immediately after their
              installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits
              the risk that old programs are used from the host when the same
              programs are available in the chapter 5 environment.
            </p>
            <p>
              Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building
              the temporary tools, source the just-created user profile:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">source ~/.bash_profile</kbd>
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="prepare-aboutsbus" name=
                    "prepare-aboutsbus"></a>4.5.&nbsp;About SBUs
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Many people would like to know beforehand approximately how
              long it takes to compile and install each package. Because
              Linux From Scratch can be built on many different systems, it
              is impossible to provide accurate time estimates. The biggest
              package (Glibc) will take approximately 20 minutes on the
              fastest systems, but could take up to three days on slower
              systems! Instead of providing actual times, the Standard Build
              Unit (SBU) measure will be used instead.
            </p>
            <p>
              The SBU measure works as follows. The first package to be
              compiled from this book is Binutils in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a>. The time it takes to compile this package is what will
              be referred to as the Standard Build Unit or SBU. All other
              compile times will be expressed relative to this time.
            </p>
            <p>
              For example, consider a package whose compilation time is 4.5
              SBUs. This means that if a system took 10 minutes to compile
              and install the first pass of Binutils, it will take
              <span class="emphasis"><em>approximately</em></span> 45 minutes
              to build this example package. Fortunately, most build times
              are shorter than the one for Binutils.
            </p>
            <p>
              In general, SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend
              on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC.
              They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might
              take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much
              as dozens of minutes in some cases.
            </p>
            <p>
              To view actual timings for a number of specific machines, we
              recommend The LinuxFromScratch SBU Home Page at <a class=
              "ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~sbu/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~sbu/</a>.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores)
                the compilation time for a package can be reduced by
                performing a "parallel make" by either setting an environment
                variable or telling the <span class=
                "command"><strong>make</strong></span> program how many
                processors are available. For instance, a Core2Duo can
                support two simultaneous processes with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">export MAKEFLAGS='-j 2'</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                or just building with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -j2</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                When multiple processors are used in this way, the SBU units
                in the book will vary even more than they normally would.
                Analyzing the output of the build process will also be more
                difficult because the lines of different processes will be
                interleaved. If you run into a problem with a build step,
                revert back to a single processor build to properly analyze
                the error messages.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="prepare-abouttestsuites" name=
                    "prepare-abouttestsuites"></a>4.6.&nbsp;About the Test
                    Suites
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Most packages provide a test suite. Running the test suite for
              a newly built package is a good idea because it can provide a
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">sanity check</span>&rdquo;
              indicating that everything compiled correctly. A test suite
              that passes its set of checks usually proves that the package
              is functioning as the developer intended. It does not, however,
              guarantee that the package is totally bug free.
            </p>
            <p>
              Some test suites are more important than others. For example,
              the test suites for the core toolchain packages&mdash;GCC,
              Binutils, and Glibc&mdash;are of the utmost importance due to
              their central role in a properly functioning system. The test
              suites for GCC and Glibc can take a very long time to complete,
              especially on slower hardware, but are strongly recommended.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                Experience has shown that there is little to be gained from
                running the test suites in <a class="xref" href=
                "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
                "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
                5</a>. There can be no escaping the fact that the host system
                always exerts some influence on the tests in that chapter,
                often causing inexplicable failures. Because the tools built
                in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
                "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
                5</a> are temporary and eventually discarded, we do not
                recommend running the test suites in <a class="xref" href=
                "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
                "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
                5</a> for the average reader. The instructions for running
                those test suites are provided for the benefit of testers and
                developers, but they are strictly optional.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              A common issue with running the test suites for Binutils and
              GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result
              in a high number of failing tests. This may happen for several
              reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does
              not have the <code class="systemitem">devpts</code> file system
              set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at
              <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org//lfs/faq.html#no-ptys">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org//lfs/faq.html#no-ptys</a>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Sometimes package test suites will fail, but for reasons which
              the developers are aware of and have deemed non-critical.
              Consult the logs located at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/7.3/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/7.3/</a>
              to verify whether or not these failures are expected. This site
              is valid for all tests throughout this book.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-temporary-tools" name=
                  "chapter-temporary-tools"></a>Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing
                  a Temporary System
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-introduction" name=
                    "ch-tools-introduction"></a>5.1.&nbsp;Introduction
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This chapter shows how to build a minimal Linux system. This
              system will contain just enough tools to start constructing the
              final LFS system in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-building-system" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
              6</a> and allow a working environment with more user
              convenience than a minimum environment would.
            </p>
            <p>
              There are two steps in building this minimal system. The first
              step is to build a new and host-independent toolchain
              (compiler, assembler, linker, libraries, and a few useful
              utilities). The second step uses this toolchain to build the
              other essential tools.
            </p>
            <p>
              The files compiled in this chapter will be installed under the
              <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory to keep them
              separate from the files installed in the next chapter and the
              host production directories. Since the packages compiled here
              are temporary, we do not want them to pollute the soon-to-be
              LFS system.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" name=
                    "ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"></a>5.2.&nbsp;Toolchain
                    Technical Notes
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This section explains some of the rationale and technical
              details behind the overall build method. It is not essential to
              immediately understand everything in this section. Most of this
              information will be clearer after performing an actual build.
              This section can be referred to at any time during the process.
            </p>
            <p>
              The overall goal of <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> is to produce a temporary area that contains a known-good
              set of tools that can be isolated from the host system. By
              using <span class="command"><strong>chroot</strong></span>, the
              commands in the remaining chapters will be contained within
              that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free build of the
              target LFS system. The build process has been designed to
              minimize the risks for new readers and to provide the most
              educational value at the same time.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                Before continuing, be aware of the name of the working
                platform, often referred to as the target triplet. A simple
                way to determine the name of the target triplet is to run the
                <span class="command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span>
                script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack
                the Binutils sources and run the script: <strong class=
                "userinput"><code>./config.guess</code></strong> and note the
                output. For example, for a modern 32-bit Intel processor the
                output will likely be <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>i686-pc-linux-gnu</em></span>.
              </p>
              <p>
                Also be aware of the name of the platform's dynamic linker,
                often referred to as the dynamic loader (not to be confused
                with the standard linker <span class=
                "command"><strong>ld</strong></span> that is part of
                Binutils). The dynamic linker provided by Glibc finds and
                loads the shared libraries needed by a program, prepares the
                program to run, and then runs it. The name of the dynamic
                linker for a 32-bit Intel machine will be <code class=
                "filename">ld-linux.so.2</code>. A sure-fire way to determine
                the name of the dynamic linker is to inspect a random binary
                from the host system by running: <strong class=
                "userinput"><code>readelf -l &lt;name of binary&gt; | grep
                interpreter</code></strong> and noting the output. The
                authoritative reference covering all platforms is in the
                <code class="filename">shlib-versions</code> file in the root
                of the Glibc source tree.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              Some key technical points of how the <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> build method works:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Slightly adjusting the name of the working platform, by
                    changing the "vendor" field target triplet by way of the
                    <code class="envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable, ensures that
                    the first build of Binutils and GCC produces a compatible
                    cross-linker and cross-compiler. Instead of producing
                    binaries for another architecture, the cross-linker and
                    cross-compiler will produce binaries compatible with the
                    current hardware.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The temporary libraries are cross-compiled. Because a
                    cross-compiler by its nature cannot rely on anything from
                    its host system, this method removes potential
                    contamination of the target system by lessening the
                    chance of headers or libraries from the host being
                    incorporated into the new tools. Cross-compilation also
                    allows for the possibility of building both 32-bit and
                    64-bit libraries on 64-bit capable hardware.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Careful manipulation of the GCC source tells the compiler
                    which target dynamic linker will be used.
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              Binutils is installed first because the <span class=
              "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> runs of both GCC
              and Glibc perform various feature tests on the assembler and
              linker to determine which software features to enable or
              disable. This is more important than one might first realize.
              An incorrectly configured GCC or Glibc can result in a subtly
              broken toolchain, where the impact of such breakage might not
              show up until near the end of the build of an entire
              distribution. A test suite failure will usually highlight this
              error before too much additional work is performed.
            </p>
            <p>
              Binutils installs its assembler and linker in two locations,
              <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> and <code class=
              "filename">/tools/$LFS_TGT/bin</code>. The tools in one
              location are hard linked to the other. An important facet of
              the linker is its library search order. Detailed information
              can be obtained from <span class=
              "command"><strong>ld</strong></span> by passing it the
              <em class="parameter"><code>--verbose</code></em> flag. For
              example, an <strong class="userinput"><code>ld --verbose | grep
              SEARCH</code></strong> will illustrate the current search paths
              and their order. It shows which files are linked by
              <span class="command"><strong>ld</strong></span> by compiling a
              dummy program and passing the <em class=
              "parameter"><code>--verbose</code></em> switch to the linker.
              For example, <strong class="userinput"><code>gcc dummy.c
              -Wl,--verbose 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep succeeded</code></strong> will
              show all the files successfully opened during the linking.
            </p>
            <p>
              The next package installed is GCC. An example of what can be
              seen during its run of <span class=
              "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> is:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">checking what assembler to use... /tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/as
checking what linker to use... /tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              This is important for the reasons mentioned above. It also
              demonstrates that GCC's configure script does not search the
              PATH directories to find which tools to use. However, during
              the actual operation of <span class=
              "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> itself, the same search
              paths are not necessarily used. To find out which standard
              linker <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> will
              use, run: <strong class="userinput"><code>gcc
              -print-prog-name=ld</code></strong>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Detailed information can be obtained from <span class=
              "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> by passing it the
              <em class="parameter"><code>-v</code></em> command line option
              while compiling a dummy program. For example, <strong class=
              "userinput"><code>gcc -v dummy.c</code></strong> will show
              detailed information about the preprocessor, compilation, and
              assembly stages, including <span class=
              "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>'s included search paths
              and their order.
            </p>
            <p>
              Next installed are sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the
              standard C library (Glibc) to interface with features that the
              Linux kernel will provide.
            </p>
            <p>
              The next package installed is Glibc. The most important
              considerations for building Glibc are the compiler, binary
              tools, and kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an
              issue since Glibc will always use the compiler relating to the
              <em class="parameter"><code>--host</code></em> parameter passed
              to its configure script, e.g. in our case, <span class=
              "command"><strong>i686-lfs-linux-gnu-gcc</strong></span>. The
              binary tools and kernel headers can be a bit more complicated.
              Therefore, take no risks and use the available configure
              switches to enforce the correct selections. After the run of
              <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>, check
              the contents of the <code class="filename">config.make</code>
              file in the <code class="filename">glibc-build</code> directory
              for all important details. Note the use of <em class=
              "parameter"><code>CC="i686-lfs-gnu-gcc"</code></em> to control
              which binary tools are used and the use of the <em class=
              "parameter"><code>-nostdinc</code></em> and <em class=
              "parameter"><code>-isystem</code></em> flags to control the
              compiler's include search path. These items highlight an
              important aspect of the Glibc package&mdash;it is very
              self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery and generally
              does not rely on toolchain defaults.
            </p>
            <p>
              During the second pass of Binutils, we are able to utilize the
              <em class="parameter"><code>--with-lib-path</code></em>
              configure switch to control <span class=
              "command"><strong>ld</strong></span>'s library search path.
            </p>
            <p>
              For the second pass of GCC, its sources also need to be
              modified to tell GCC to use the new dynamic linker. Failure to
              do so will result in the GCC programs themselves having the
              name of the dynamic linker from the host system's <code class=
              "filename">/lib</code> directory embedded into them, which
              would defeat the goal of getting away from the host. From this
              point onwards, the core toolchain is self-contained and
              self-hosted. The remainder of the <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> packages all build against the new Glibc in <code class=
              "filename">/tools</code>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Upon entering the chroot environment in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-building-system" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
              6</a>, the first major package to be installed is Glibc, due to
              its self-sufficient nature mentioned above. Once this Glibc is
              installed into <code class="filename">/usr</code>, we will
              perform a quick changeover of the toolchain defaults, and then
              proceed in building the rest of the target LFS system.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-generalinstructions" name=
                    "ch-tools-generalinstructions"></a>5.3.&nbsp;General
                    Compilation Instructions
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              When building packages there are several assumptions made
              within the instructions:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Several of the packages are patched before compilation,
                    but only when the patch is needed to circumvent a
                    problem. A patch is often needed in both this and the
                    next chapter, but sometimes in only one or the other.
                    Therefore, do not be concerned if instructions for a
                    downloaded patch seem to be missing. Warning messages
                    about <span class="emphasis"><em>offset</em></span> or
                    <span class="emphasis"><em>fuzz</em></span> may also be
                    encountered when applying a patch. Do not worry about
                    these warnings, as the patch was still successfully
                    applied.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    During the compilation of most packages, there will be
                    several warnings that scroll by on the screen. These are
                    normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are as
                    they appear&mdash;warnings about deprecated, but not
                    invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change
                    fairly often, and some packages still use the older
                    standard. This is not a problem, but does prompt the
                    warning.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Check one last time that the <code class=
                    "envar">LFS</code> environment variable is set up
                    properly:
                  </p>
                  <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
                  <p>
                    Make sure the output shows the path to the LFS
                    partition's mount point, which is <code class=
                    "filename">/mnt/lfs</code>, using our example.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Finally, two last important items must be emphasized:
                  </p>
                  <div class="admon important">
                    <h3>
                      Important
                    </h3>
                    <p>
                      The build instructions assume that the <a class="xref"
                      href="#pre-hostreqs" title=
                      "Host System Requirements">Host System
                      Requirements</a>, including symbolic links, have been
                      set properly:
                    </p>
                    <div class="itemizedlist">
                      <ul>
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            <span class=
                            "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> is the
                            shell in use.
                          </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            <span class="command"><strong>sh</strong></span>
                            is a symbolic link to <span class=
                            "command"><strong>bash</strong></span>.
                          </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            <span class=
                            "command"><strong>/usr/bin/awk</strong></span> is
                            a symbolic link to <span class=
                            "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>.
                          </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            <span class=
                            "command"><strong>/usr/bin/yacc</strong></span>
                            is a symbolic link to <span class=
                            "command"><strong>bison</strong></span> or a
                            small script that executes bison.
                          </p>
                        </li>
                      </ul>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                  <div class="admon important">
                    <h3>
                      Important
                    </h3>
                    <p>
                      To re-emphasize the build process:
                    </p>
                    <div class="orderedlist">
                      <ol class="compact">
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            Place all the sources and patches in a directory
                            that will be accessible from the chroot
                            environment such as <code class=
                            "filename">/mnt/lfs/sources/</code>. Do
                            <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> put
                            sources in <code class=
                            "filename">/mnt/lfs/tools/</code>.
                          </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            Change to the sources directory.
                          </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                          <p>
                            <a id="buildinstr" name="buildinstr"></a>For each
                            package:
                          </p>
                          <div class="orderedlist">
                            <ol class="compact">
                              <li>
                                <p>
                                  Using the <span class=
                                  "command"><strong>tar</strong></span>
                                  program, extract the package to be built.
                                  In Chapter 5, ensure you are the
                                  <span class="emphasis"><em>lfs</em></span>
                                  user when extracting the package.
                                </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                <p>
                                  Change to the directory created when the
                                  package was extracted.
                                </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                <p>
                                  Follow the book's instructions for building
                                  the package.
                                </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                <p>
                                  Change back to the sources directory.
                                </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                <p>
                                  Delete the extracted source directory and
                                  any <code class="filename"><em class=
                                  "replaceable"><code>&lt;package&gt;</code></em>-build</code>
                                  directories that were created in the build
                                  process unless instructed otherwise.
                                </p>
                              </li>
                            </ol>
                          </div>
                        </li>
                      </ol>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-binutils-pass1" name=
                    "ch-tools-binutils-pass1"></a>5.4.&nbsp;Binutils-2.23.1 -
                    Pass 1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and
                other tools for handling object files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">391 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.4.1. Installation of Cross Binutils
              </h3>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Go back and re-read the notes in the previous section.
                  Understanding the notes labeled important will save you a
                  lot of problems later.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                It is important that Binutils be the first package compiled
                because both Glibc and GCC perform various tests on the
                available linker and assembler to determine which of their
                own features to enable.
              </p>
              <p>
                The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils
                outside of the source directory in a dedicated build
                directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  In order for the SBU values listed in the rest of the book
                  to be of any use, measure the time it takes to build this
                  package from the configuration, up to and including the
                  first install. To achieve this easily, wrap the commands in
                  a <span class="command"><strong>time</strong></span>
                  command like this: <strong class="userinput"><code>time {
                  ./configure ... &amp;&amp; ... &amp;&amp; make install;
                  }</code></strong>.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The approximate build SBU values and required disk space in
                  Chapter 5 does not include test suite data.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Now prepare Binutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../binutils-2.23.1/configure     \
    --prefix=/tools            \
    --with-sysroot=$LFS        \
    --with-lib-path=/tools/lib \
    --target=$LFS_TGT          \
    --disable-nls              \
    --disable-werror</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--prefix=/tools</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This tells the configure script to prepare to install
                      the Binutils programs in the <code class=
                      "filename">/tools</code> directory.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-sysroot=$LFS</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      For cross compilation, this tells the build system to
                      look in $LFS for the target system libraries as needed.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-lib-path=/tools/lib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This specifies which library path the linker should be
                      configured to use.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><code class=
                    "envar">--target=$LFS_TGT</code></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Because the machine description in the <code class=
                      "envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable is slightly different
                      than the value returned by the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span> script,
                      this switch will tell the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script to
                      adjust Binutil's build system for building a cross
                      linker.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-nls</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This disables internationalization as i18n is not
                      needed for the temporary tools.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This prevents the build from stopping in the event that
                      there are warnings from the host's compiler.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Continue with compiling the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. Ordinarily we would now run the
                test suite, but at this early stage the test suite framework
                (Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU) is not yet in place. The benefits
                of running the tests at this point are minimal since the
                programs from this first pass will soon be replaced by those
                from the second.
              </p>
              <p>
                If building on x86_64, create a symlink to ensure the sanity
                of the toolchain:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64) mkdir -v /tools/lib &amp;&amp; ln -sv lib /tools/lib64 ;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-binutils" title=
                "6.13.2.&nbsp;Contents of Binutils">Section&nbsp;6.13.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Binutils.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-gcc-pass1" name=
                    "ch-tools-gcc-pass1"></a>5.5.&nbsp;GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which
                includes the C and C++ compilers.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">5.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.4 GB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.5.1. Installation of Cross GCC
              </h3>
              <p>
                GCC now requires the GMP, MPFR and MPC packages. As these
                packages may not be included in your host distribution, they
                will be built with GCC. Unpack each package into the GCC
                source directory and rename the resulting directories so the
                GCC build procedures will automatically use them:
              </p>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  There are frequent misunderstandings about this chapter.
                  The procedures are the same as every other chapter as
                  explained earlier (<a class="xref" href=
                  "#buildinstr">Package build instructions</a>). First
                  extract the gcc tarball from the sources directory and then
                  change to the directory created. Only then should you
                  proceed with the instructions below.
                </p>
              </div>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -Jxf ../mpfr-3.1.1.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-3.1.1 mpfr
tar -Jxf ../gmp-5.1.1.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-5.1.1 gmp
tar -zxf ../mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.0.1 mpc</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The following command will change the location of GCC's
                default dynamic linker to use the one installed in
                <code class="filename">/tools</code>. It also removes
                <code class="filename">/usr/include</code> from GCC's include
                search path. Issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">for file in \
 $(find gcc/config -name linux64.h -o -name linux.h -o -name sysv4.h)
do
  cp -uv $file{,.orig}
  sed -e 's@/lib\(64\)\?\(32\)\?/ld@/tools&amp;@g' \
      -e 's@/usr@/tools@g' $file.orig &gt; $file
  echo '
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 "/tools/lib/"
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 ""' &gt;&gt; $file
  touch $file.orig
done</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                In case the above seems hard to follow, let's break it down a
                bit. First we find all the files under the <code class=
                "filename">gcc/config</code> directory that are named either
                <code class="filename">linux.h</code>, <code class=
                "filename">linux64.h</code> or <code class=
                "filename">sysv4.h</code>. For each file found, we copy it to
                a file of the same name but with an added suffix of
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">.orig</span>&rdquo;. Then the
                first sed expression prepends &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">/tools</span>&rdquo; to every instance of
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">/lib/ld</span>&rdquo;,
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">/lib64/ld</span>&rdquo; or
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">/lib32/ld</span>&rdquo;, while the
                second one replaces hard-coded instances of
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">/usr</span>&rdquo;. Next, we add
                our define statements which alter the default startfile
                prefix to the end of the file. Note that the trailing
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">/</span>&rdquo; in
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">/tools/lib/</span>&rdquo; is
                required. Finally, we use <span class=
                "command"><strong>touch</strong></span> to update the
                timestamp on the copied files. When used in conjunction with
                <span class="command"><strong>cp -u</strong></span>, this
                prevents unexpected changes to the original files in case the
                commands are inadvertently run twice.
              </p>
              <p>
                GCC doesn't detect stack protection correctly, which causes
                problems for the build of Glibc-2.17, so fix that by issuing
                the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i '/k prot/agcc_cv_libc_provides_ssp=yes' gcc/configure</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Do not build the .info files. They are not needed here and
                are broken with the current version of <span class=
                "command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span>.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's/BUILD_INFO=info/BUILD_INFO=/' gcc/configure</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The GCC documentation recommends building GCC outside of the
                source directory in a dedicated build directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare GCC for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../gcc-4.7.2/configure         \
    --target=$LFS_TGT          \
    --prefix=/tools            \
    --with-sysroot=$LFS        \
    --with-newlib              \
    --without-headers          \
    --with-local-prefix=/tools \
    --with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include \
    --disable-nls              \
    --disable-shared           \
    --disable-multilib         \
    --disable-decimal-float    \
    --disable-threads          \
    --disable-libmudflap       \
    --disable-libssp           \
    --disable-libgomp          \
    --disable-libquadmath      \
    --enable-languages=c       \
    --with-mpfr-include=$(pwd)/../gcc-4.7.2/mpfr/src \
    --with-mpfr-lib=$(pwd)/mpfr/src/.libs</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-newlib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Since a working C library is not yet available, this
                      ensures that the inhibit_libc constant is defined when
                      building libgcc. This prevents the compiling of any
                      code that requires libc support.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--without-headers</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      When creating a complete cross-compiler, GCC requires
                      standard headers compatible with the target system. For
                      our purposes these headers will not be needed. This
                      switch prevents GCC from looking for them.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-local-prefix=/tools</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The local prefix is the location in the system that GCC
                      will search for locally installed include files. The
                      default is <code class="filename">/usr/local</code>.
                      Setting this to <code class="filename">/tools</code>
                      helps keep the host location of <code class=
                      "filename">/usr/local</code> out of this GCC's search
                      path.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      By default GCC searches <code class=
                      "filename">/usr/include</code> for system headers. In
                      conjunction with the sysroot switch, this would
                      translate normally to <code class=
                      "filename">$LFS/usr/include</code>. However the headers
                      that will be installed in the next two sections will go
                      to <code class="filename">$LFS/tools/include</code>.
                      This switch ensures that gcc will find them correctly.
                      In the second pass of GCC, this same switch will ensure
                      that no headers from the host system are found.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch forces GCC to link its internal libraries
                      statically. We do this to avoid possible issues with
                      the host system.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-decimal-float,
                    --disable-threads, --disable-libmudflap,
                    --disable-libssp, --disable-libgomp,
                    --disable-libquadmath</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      These switches disable support for the decimal floating
                      point extension, threading, libmudflap, libssp and
                      libgomp and libquadmath respectively. These features
                      will fail to compile when building a cross-compiler and
                      are not necessary for the task of cross-compiling the
                      temporary libc.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-multilib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      On x86_64, LFS does not yet support a multilib
                      configuration. This switch is harmless for x86.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-languages=c</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option ensures that only the C compiler is built.
                      This is the only language needed now.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile GCC by running:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. At this point, the test suite
                would normally be run, but, as mentioned before, the test
                suite framework is not in place yet. The benefits of running
                the tests at this point are minimal since the programs from
                this first pass will soon be replaced.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Using <em class=
                "parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em> means that the
                <code class="filename">libgcc_eh.a</code> file isn't created
                and installed. The Glibc package depends on this library as
                it uses <em class="parameter"><code>-lgcc_eh</code></em>
                within its build system. This dependency can be satisfied by
                creating a symlink to <code class="filename">libgcc.a</code>,
                since that file will end up containing the objects normally
                contained in <code class="filename">libgcc_eh.a</code>:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">ln -sv libgcc.a `$LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name | sed 's/libgcc/&amp;_eh/'`</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-gcc" title=
                "6.17.2.&nbsp;Contents of GCC">Section&nbsp;6.17.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of GCC.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-linux-headers" name=
                    "ch-tools-linux-headers"></a>5.6.&nbsp;Linux-3.8.1 API
                    Headers
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Linux API Headers (in linux-3.8.1.tar.xz) expose the
                kernel's API for use by Glibc.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">511 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.6.1. Installation of Linux API Headers
              </h3>
              <p>
                The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming
                Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to
                use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files
                that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball.
              </p>
              <p>
                Make sure there are no stale files and dependencies lying
                around from previous activity:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now test and extract the user-visible kernel headers from the
                source. They are placed in an intermediate local directory
                and copied to the needed location because the extraction
                process removes any existing files in the target directory.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make headers_check
make INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
</kbd><kbd class="command">cp -rv dest/include/* /tools/include</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-linux-headers" title=
                "6.7.2.&nbsp;Contents of Linux API Headers">Section&nbsp;6.7.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Linux API Headers.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-glibc" name=
                    "ch-tools-glibc"></a>5.7.&nbsp;Glibc-2.17
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library
                provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching
                directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing
                files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so
                on.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">5.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">554 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.7.1. Installation of Glibc
              </h3>
              <p>
                In some cases, particularly LFS 7.1, the rpc headers were not
                installed properly. Test to see if they are installed in the
                host system and install if they are not:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">if [ ! -r /usr/include/rpc/types.h ]; then
  su -c 'mkdir -p /usr/include/rpc'
  su -c 'cp -v sunrpc/rpc/*.h /usr/include/rpc'
fi</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc outside of
                the source directory in a dedicated build directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../glibc-build
cd ../glibc-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Next, prepare Glibc for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../glibc-2.17/configure                             \
      --prefix=/tools                                 \
      --host=$LFS_TGT                                 \
      --build=$(../glibc-2.17/scripts/config.guess) \
      --disable-profile                               \
      --enable-kernel=2.6.25                          \
      --with-headers=/tools/include                   \
      libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes                       \
      libc_cv_ctors_header=yes                        \
      libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--host=$LFS_TGT,
                    --build=$(../glibc-2.17/scripts/config.guess)</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The combined effect of these switches is that Glibc's
                      build system configures itself to cross-compile, using
                      the cross-linker and cross-compiler in <code class=
                      "filename">/tools</code>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-profile</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This builds the libraries without profiling
                      information. Omit this option if profiling on the
                      temporary tools is necessary.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-kernel=2.6.25</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This tells Glibc to compile the library with support
                      for 2.6.25 and later Linux kernels. Workarounds for
                      older kernels are not enabled.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-headers=/tools/include</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This tells Glibc to compile itself against the headers
                      recently installed to the tools directory, so that it
                      knows exactly what features the kernel has and can
                      optimize itself accordingly.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The linker installed during <a class="xref" href=
                      "#ch-tools-binutils-pass1" title=
                      "5.4.&nbsp;Binutils-2.23.1 - Pass 1">Section&nbsp;5.4,
                      &ldquo;Binutils-2.23.1 - Pass 1&rdquo;</a> was
                      cross-compiled and as such cannot be used until Glibc
                      has been installed. This means that the configure test
                      for force-unwind support will fail, as it relies on a
                      working linker. The libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes variable
                      is passed in order to inform <span class=
                      "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> that
                      force-unwind support is available without it having to
                      run the test.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Simlarly, we pass libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes through to the
                      <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>
                      script so that the test is skipped and C cleanup
                      handling support is configured.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>libc_cv_ctors_header=yes</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Simlarly, we pass libc_cv_ctors_header=yes through to
                      the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script so
                      that the test is skipped and gcc constructor support is
                      configured.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                During this stage the following warning might appear:
              </p>
              <div class="blockquote">
                <blockquote class="blockquote">
                  <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">configure: WARNING:
*** These auxiliary programs are missing or
*** incompatible versions: msgfmt
*** some features will be disabled.
*** Check the INSTALL file for required versions.</code>
</pre>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
              <p>
                The missing or incompatible <span class=
                "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> program is generally
                harmless. This <span class=
                "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> program is part of
                the Gettext package which the host distribution should
                provide.
              </p>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does come with a test suite, however, it cannot
                be run at this time because we do not have a C++ compiler
                yet.
              </p>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The test suite also requires locale data to be installed in
                  order to run successfully. Locale data provides information
                  to the system regarding such things as the date, time, and
                  currency formats accepted and output by system utilities.
                  If the test suites are not being run in this chapter (as
                  per the recommendation), there is no need to install the
                  locales now. The appropriate locales will be installed in
                  the next chapter. To install the Glibc locales anyway, use
                  instructions from <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-glibc"
                  title="6.9.&nbsp;Glibc-2.17">Section&nbsp;6.9,
                  &ldquo;Glibc-2.17.&rdquo;</a>
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon caution">
                <h3>
                  Caution
                </h3>
                <p>
                  At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the
                  basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new
                  toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity
                  check, run the following commands:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
$LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /tools'</kbd>
</pre>
                <p>
                  If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                  errors, and the output of the last command will be of the
                  form:
                </p>
                <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /tools/lib/ld-linux.so.2]</code>
</pre>
                <p>
                  Note that <code class="filename">/tools/lib</code>, or
                  <code class="filename">/tools/lib64</code> for 64-bit
                  machines appears as the prefix of the dynamic linker.
                </p>
                <p>
                  If the output is not shown as above or there was no output
                  at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace
                  the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it.
                  This issue must be resolved before continuing on.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Once all is well, clean up the test files:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out</kbd>
</pre>
              </div>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Building Binutils in the next section will serve as an
                  additional check that the toolchain has been built
                  properly. If Binutils fails to build, it is an indication
                  that something has gone wrong with the previous Binutils,
                  GCC, or Glibc installations.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-glibc" title=
                "6.9.4.&nbsp;Contents of Glibc">Section&nbsp;6.9.4,
                &ldquo;Contents of Glibc.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-binutils-pass2" name=
                    "ch-tools-binutils-pass2"></a>5.8.&nbsp;Binutils-2.23.1 -
                    Pass 2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and
                other tools for handling object files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">407 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.8.1. Installation of Binutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Create a separate build directory again:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Binutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc            \
AR=$LFS_TGT-ar             \
RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib     \
../binutils-2.23.1/configure \
    --prefix=/tools        \
    --disable-nls          \
    --with-lib-path=/tools/lib</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc AR=$LFS_TGT-ar
                    RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Because this is really a native build of Binutils,
                      setting these variables ensures that the build system
                      uses the cross-compiler and associated tools instead of
                      the ones on the host system.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-lib-path=/tools/lib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This tells the configure script to specify the library
                      search path during the compilation of Binutils,
                      resulting in <code class="filename">/tools/lib</code>
                      being passed to the linker. This prevents the linker
                      from searching through library directories on the host.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now prepare the linker for the &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">Re-adjusting</span>&rdquo; phase in the next chapter:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C ld clean
make -C ld LIB_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib
cp -v ld/ld-new /tools/bin</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make parameters:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-C ld
                    clean</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This tells the make program to remove all compiled
                      files in the <code class="filename">ld</code>
                      subdirectory.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-C ld
                    LIB_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option rebuilds everything in the <code class=
                      "filename">ld</code> subdirectory. Specifying the
                      <code class="envar">LIB_PATH</code> Makefile variable
                      on the command line allows us to override the default
                      value of the temporary tools and point it to the proper
                      final path. The value of this variable specifies the
                      linker's default library search path. This preparation
                      is used in the next chapter.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-binutils" title=
                "6.13.2.&nbsp;Contents of Binutils">Section&nbsp;6.13.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Binutils.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-gcc-pass2" name=
                    "ch-tools-gcc-pass2"></a>5.9.&nbsp;GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which
                includes the C and C++ compilers.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">7.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.8 GB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.9.1. Installation of GCC
              </h3>
              <p>
                Our first build of GCC has installed a couple of internal
                system headers. Normally one of them, <code class=
                "filename">limits.h</code> will in turn include the
                corresponding system <code class="filename">limits.h</code>
                header, in this case, <code class=
                "filename">/tools/include/limits.h</code>. However, at the
                time of the first build of gcc <code class=
                "filename">/tools/include/limits.h</code> did not exist, so
                the internal header that GCC installed is a partial,
                self-contained file and does not include the extended
                features of the system header. This was adequate for building
                the temporary libc, but this build of GCC now requires the
                full internal header. Create a full version of the internal
                header using a command that is identical to what the GCC
                build system does in normal circumstances:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h &gt; \
  `dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/include-fixed/limits.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                For x86 machines, a bootstrap build of GCC uses the
                <code class="option">-fomit-frame-pointer</code> compiler
                flag. Non-bootstrap builds omit this flag by default, and the
                goal should be to produce a compiler that is exactly the same
                as if it were bootstrapped. Apply the following <span class=
                "command"><strong>sed</strong></span> command to force the
                build to use the flag:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v gcc/Makefile.in{,.tmp}
sed 's/^T_CFLAGS =$/&amp; -fomit-frame-pointer/' gcc/Makefile.in.tmp \
  &gt; gcc/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Once again, change the location of GCC's default dynamic
                linker to use the one installed in <code class=
                "filename">/tools</code>.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">for file in \
 $(find gcc/config -name linux64.h -o -name linux.h -o -name sysv4.h)
do
  cp -uv $file{,.orig}
  sed -e 's@/lib\(64\)\?\(32\)\?/ld@/tools&amp;@g' \
  -e 's@/usr@/tools@g' $file.orig &gt; $file
  echo '
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 "/tools/lib/"
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 ""' &gt;&gt; $file
  touch $file.orig
done</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                As in the first build of GCC it requires the GMP, MPFR and
                MPC packages. Unpack the tarballs and move them into the
                required directory names:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -Jxf ../mpfr-3.1.1.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-3.1.1 mpfr
tar -Jxf ../gmp-5.1.1.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-5.1.1 gmp
tar -zxf ../mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.0.1 mpc</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Again, do not build the .info files. They are not needed here
                and are broken with the current version of <span class=
                "command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span>.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's/BUILD_INFO=info/BUILD_INFO=/' gcc/configure</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Create a separate build directory again:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Before starting to build GCC, remember to unset any
                environment variables that override the default optimization
                flags.
              </p>
              <p>
                Now prepare GCC for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc \
AR=$LFS_TGT-ar                  \
RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib          \
../gcc-4.7.2/configure          \
    --prefix=/tools             \
    --with-local-prefix=/tools  \
    --with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include \
    --enable-clocale=gnu        \
    --enable-shared             \
    --enable-threads=posix      \
    --enable-__cxa_atexit       \
    --enable-languages=c,c++    \
    --disable-libstdcxx-pch     \
    --disable-multilib          \
    --disable-bootstrap         \
    --disable-libgomp           \
    --with-mpfr-include=$(pwd)/../gcc-4.7.2/mpfr/src \
    --with-mpfr-lib=$(pwd)/mpfr/src/.libs</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-clocale=gnu</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option ensures the correct locale model is
                      selected for the C++ libraries under all circumstances.
                      If the configure script finds the <span class=
                      "emphasis"><em>de_DE</em></span> locale installed, it
                      will select the correct gnu locale model. However, if
                      the <span class="emphasis"><em>de_DE</em></span> locale
                      is not installed, there is the risk of building
                      Application Binary Interface (ABI)-incompatible C++
                      libraries because the incorrect generic locale model
                      may be selected.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-threads=posix</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This enables C++ exception handling for multi-threaded
                      code.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-__cxa_atexit</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option allows use of <code class=
                      "function">__cxa_atexit</code>, rather than
                      <code class="function">atexit</code>, to register C++
                      destructors for local statics and global objects. This
                      option is essential for fully standards-compliant
                      handling of destructors. It also affects the C++ ABI,
                      and therefore results in C++ shared libraries and C++
                      programs that are interoperable with other Linux
                      distributions.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-languages=c,c++</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option ensures that both the C and C++ compilers
                      are built.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-pch</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Do not build the pre-compiled header (PCH) for
                      <code class="filename">libstdc++</code>. It takes up a
                      lot of space, and we have no use for it.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-bootstrap</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      For native builds of GCC, the default is to do a
                      "bootstrap" build. This does not just compile GCC, but
                      compiles it several times. It uses the programs
                      compiled in a first round to compile itself a second
                      time, and then again a third time. The second and third
                      iterations are compared to make sure it can reproduce
                      itself flawlessly. This also implies that it was
                      compiled correctly. However, the LFS build method
                      should provide a solid compiler without the need to
                      bootstrap each time.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                As a finishing touch, create a symlink. Many programs and
                scripts run <span class="command"><strong>cc</strong></span>
                instead of <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>,
                which is used to keep programs generic and therefore usable
                on all kinds of UNIX systems where the GNU C compiler is not
                always installed. Running <span class=
                "command"><strong>cc</strong></span> leaves the system
                administrator free to decide which C compiler to install:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv gcc /tools/bin/cc</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon caution">
                <h3>
                  Caution
                </h3>
                <p>
                  At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the
                  basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new
                  toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity
                  check, run the following commands:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
cc dummy.c
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /tools'</kbd>
</pre>
                <p>
                  If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                  errors, and the output of the last command will be of the
                  form:
                </p>
                <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /tools/lib/ld-linux.so.2]</code>
</pre>
                <p>
                  Note that <code class="filename">/tools/lib</code>, or
                  <code class="filename">/tools/lib64</code> for 64-bit
                  machines appears as the prefix of the dynamic linker.
                </p>
                <p>
                  If the output is not shown as above or there was no output
                  at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace
                  the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it.
                  This issue must be resolved before continuing on. First,
                  perform the sanity check again, using <span class=
                  "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> instead of
                  <span class="command"><strong>cc</strong></span>. If this
                  works, then the <code class="filename">/tools/bin/cc</code>
                  symlink is missing. Install the symlink as per above. Next,
                  ensure that the <code class="envar">PATH</code> is correct.
                  This can be checked by running <span class=
                  "command"><strong>echo $PATH</strong></span> and verifying
                  that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> is at the
                  head of the list. If the <code class="envar">PATH</code> is
                  wrong it could mean that you are not logged in as user
                  <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> or that something went
                  wrong back in <a class="xref" href=
                  "#ch-tools-settingenviron" title=
                  "4.4.&nbsp;Setting Up the Environment">Section&nbsp;4.4,
                  &ldquo;Setting Up the Environment.&rdquo;</a>
                </p>
                <p>
                  Once all is well, clean up the test files:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out</kbd>
</pre>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-gcc" title=
                "6.17.2.&nbsp;Contents of GCC">Section&nbsp;6.17.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of GCC.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-tcl" name=
                    "ch-tools-tcl"></a>5.10.&nbsp;Tcl-8.6.0
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Tcl package contains the Tool Command Language.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">33 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.10.1. Installation of Tcl
              </h3>
              <p>
                This package and the next three (Expect, DejaGNU, and Check)
                are installed to support running the test suites for GCC and
                Binutils and other packages. Installing four packages for
                testing purposes may seem excessive, but it is very
                reassuring, if not essential, to know that the most important
                tools are working properly. Even if the test suites are not
                run in this chapter (they are not mandatory), these packages
                are required to run the test suites in <a class="xref" href=
                "#chapter-building-system" title=
                "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
                6</a>.
              </p>
              <p>
                Prepare Tcl for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd unix
./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Build the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Tcl test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">TZ=UTC make test</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The Tcl test suite may experience failures under certain host
                conditions that are not fully understood. Therefore, test
                suite failures here are not surprising, and are not
                considered critical. The <em class=
                "parameter"><code>TZ=UTC</code></em> parameter sets the time
                zone to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), also known as
                Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), but only for the duration of the
                test suite run. This ensures that the clock tests are
                exercised correctly. Details on the <code class=
                "envar">TZ</code> environment variable are provided in
                <a class="xref" href="#chapter-bootscripts" title=
                "Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;Setting Up System Bootscripts">Chapter
                7</a>.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Make the installed library writable so debugging symbols can
                be removed later:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chmod -v u+w /tools/lib/libtcl8.6.so</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install Tcl's headers. The next package, Expect, requires
                them to build.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install-private-headers</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now make a necessary symbolic link:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv tclsh8.6 /tools/bin/tclsh</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-tcl" name="contents-tcl"></a>5.10.2. Contents
                of Tcl
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">tclsh (link to tclsh8.6) and
                    tclsh8.6</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libtcl8.6.so,
                    libtclstub8.6.a</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp8206576" name="idp8206576"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tclsh8.6" name="tclsh8.6"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tclsh8.6</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Tcl command shell
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tclsh" name="tclsh"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tclsh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to tclsh8.6
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libtcl8.6.so" name=
                          "libtcl8.6.so"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libtcl8.6.so</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Tcl library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libtclstub8.6.a" name=
                          "libtclstub8.6.a"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libtclstub8.6.a</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Tcl Stub library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-expect" name=
                    "ch-tools-expect"></a>5.11.&nbsp;Expect-5.45
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Expect package contains a program for carrying out
                scripted dialogues with other interactive programs.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">4.4 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.11.1. Installation of Expect
              </h3>
              <p>
                First, force Expect's configure script to use <code class=
                "filename">/bin/stty</code> instead of a <code class=
                "filename">/usr/local/bin/stty</code> it may find on the host
                system. This will ensure that our test suite tools remain
                sane for the final builds of our toolchain:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v configure{,.orig}
sed 's:/usr/local/bin:/bin:' configure.orig &gt; configure</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now prepare Expect for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --with-tcl=/tools/lib \
  --with-tclinclude=/tools/include</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-tcl=/tools/lib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This ensures that the configure script finds the Tcl
                      installation in the temporary tools location instead of
                      possibly locating an existing one on the host system.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-tclinclude=/tools/include</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This explicitly tells Expect where to find Tcl's
                      internal headers. Using this option avoids conditions
                      where <span class=
                      "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> fails
                      because it cannot automatically discover the location
                      of Tcl's headers.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Build the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Expect test suite anyway, issue
                the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Note that the Expect test suite is known to experience
                failures under certain host conditions that are not within
                our control. Therefore, test suite failures here are not
                surprising and are not considered critical.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make SCRIPTS="" install</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make parameter:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>SCRIPTS=""</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This prevents installation of the supplementary Expect
                      scripts, which are not needed.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-expect" name="contents-expect"></a>5.11.2.
                Contents of Expect
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">expect</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libexpect-5.45.a</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp8253360" name="idp8253360"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="expect" name="expect"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>expect</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Communicates with other interactive programs
                          according to a script
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libexpect" name="libexpect"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libexpect-5.45.a</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions that allow Expect to be used as
                          a Tcl extension or to be used directly from C or
                          C++ (without Tcl)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-dejagnu" name=
                    "ch-tools-dejagnu"></a>5.12.&nbsp;DejaGNU-1.5
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The DejaGNU package contains a framework for testing other
                programs.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">4.1 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.12.1. Installation of DejaGNU
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare DejaGNU for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Build and install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-dejagnu" name="contents-dejagnu"></a>5.12.2.
                Contents of DejaGNU
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">runtest</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp8278000" name="idp8278000"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="runtest" name="runtest"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>runtest</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper script that locates the proper
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>expect</strong></span> shell and
                          then runs DejaGNU
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-check" name=
                    "ch-tools-check"></a>5.13.&nbsp;Check-0.9.9
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Check is a unit testing framework for C.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">6.9 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.13.1. Installation of Check
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Check for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Build the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Check test suite anyway, issue
                the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Note that the Check test suite may take a relatively long (up
                to 4 SBU) time.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-check" name="contents-check"></a>5.13.2.
                Contents of Check
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">checkmk</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libcheck.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp8302064" name="idp8302064"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="checkmk" name="checkmk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>checkmk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Awk script for generating C unit tests for use with
                          the Check unit testing framework
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libcheck" name="libcheck"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libcheck.{a,so}</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions that allow Check to be called
                          from a test program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-ncurses" name=
                    "ch-tools-ncurses"></a>5.14.&nbsp;Ncurses-5.9
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Ncurses package contains libraries for
                terminal-independent handling of character screens.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">35 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.14.1. Installation of Ncurses
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --with-shared \
    --without-debug --without-ada --enable-overwrite</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--without-ada</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This ensures that Ncurses does not build support for
                      the Ada compiler which may be present on the host but
                      will not be available once we enter the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> environment.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-overwrite</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This tells Ncurses to install its header files into
                      <code class="filename">/tools/include</code>, instead
                      of <code class=
                      "filename">/tools/include/ncurses</code>, to ensure
                      that other packages can find the Ncurses headers
                      successfully.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after
                the package has been installed. The tests reside in the
                <code class="filename">test/</code> directory. See the
                <code class="filename">README</code> file in that directory
                for further details.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-ncurses" title=
                "6.21.2.&nbsp;Contents of Ncurses">Section&nbsp;6.21.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Ncurses.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-bash" name=
                    "ch-tools-bash"></a>5.15.&nbsp;Bash-4.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">48 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.15.1. Installation of Bash
              </h3>
              <p>
                First, apply the following patch to fix various bugs that
                have been addressed upstream:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bash-4.2-fixes-11.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Bash for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-bash-malloc</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--without-bash-malloc</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option turns off the use of Bash's memory
                      allocation (<code class="function">malloc</code>)
                      function which is known to cause segmentation faults.
                      By turning this option off, Bash will use the
                      <code class="function">malloc</code> functions from
                      Glibc which are more stable.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Bash test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make tests</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Make a link for the programs that use <span class=
                "command"><strong>sh</strong></span> for a shell:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv bash /tools/bin/sh</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-bash" title=
                "6.33.2.&nbsp;Contents of Bash">Section&nbsp;6.33.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Bash.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-bzip2" name=
                    "ch-tools-bzip2"></a>5.16.&nbsp;Bzip2-1.0.6
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and
                decompressing files. Compressing text files with <span class=
                "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> yields a much better
                compression percentage than with the traditional <span class=
                "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">5.7 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.16.1. Installation of Bzip2
              </h3>
              <p>
                The Bzip2 package does not contain a <span class=
                "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script. Compile
                and test it with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make PREFIX=/tools install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-bzip2" title=
                "6.19.2.&nbsp;Contents of Bzip2">Section&nbsp;6.19.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Bzip2.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-coreutils" name=
                    "ch-tools-coreutils"></a>5.17.&nbsp;Coreutils-8.21
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and
                setting the basic system characteristics.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.8 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">133 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.17.1. Installation of Coreutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Coreutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/tools --enable-install-program=hostname</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><code class=
                    "envar">--enable-install-program=hostname</code></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This enables the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>hostname</strong></span> binary to be
                      built and installed &ndash; it is disabled by default
                      but is required by the Perl test suite.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Coreutils test suite anyway,
                issue the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The <em class=
                "parameter"><code>RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes</code></em>
                parameter tells the test suite to run several additional
                tests that are considered relatively expensive (in terms of
                CPU power and memory usage) on some platforms, but generally
                are not a problem on Linux.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-coreutils" title=
                "6.27.2.&nbsp;Contents of Coreutils">Section&nbsp;6.27.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Coreutils.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-diffutils" name=
                    "ch-tools-diffutils"></a>5.18.&nbsp;Diffutils-3.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Diffutils package contains programs that show the
                differences between files or directories.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">8.5 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.18.1. Installation of Diffutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' lib/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Diffutils test suite anyway,
                issue the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-diffutils" title=
                "6.40.2.&nbsp;Contents of Diffutils">Section&nbsp;6.40.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Diffutils.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-file" name=
                    "ch-tools-file"></a>5.19.&nbsp;File-5.13
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The File package contains a utility for determining the type
                of a given file or files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">12.4 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.19.1. Installation of File
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare File for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the File test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-file" title=
                "6.12.2.&nbsp;Contents of File">Section&nbsp;6.12.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of File.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-findutils" name=
                    "ch-tools-findutils"></a>5.20.&nbsp;Findutils-4.4.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These
                programs are provided to recursively search through a
                directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database
                (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the
                database has not been recently updated).
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">27 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.20.1. Installation of Findutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Findutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Findutils test suite anyway,
                issue the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-findutils" title=
                "6.42.2.&nbsp;Contents of Findutils">Section&nbsp;6.42.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Findutils.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-gawk" name=
                    "ch-tools-gawk"></a>5.21.&nbsp;Gawk-4.0.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text
                files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">30 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.21.1. Installation of Gawk
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Gawk for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Gawk test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-gawk" title=
                "6.41.2.&nbsp;Contents of Gawk">Section&nbsp;6.41.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Gawk.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-gettext" name=
                    "ch-tools-gettext"></a>5.22.&nbsp;Gettext-0.18.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Gettext package contains utilities for
                internationalization and localization. These allow programs
                to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling
                them to output messages in the user's native language.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.6 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">101 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.22.1. Installation of Gettext
              </h3>
              <p>
                For our temporary set of tools, we only need to build and
                install one binary from Gettext.
              </p>
              <p>
                Prepare Gettext for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd gettext-tools
EMACS="no" ./configure --prefix=/tools --disable-shared</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>EMACS="no"</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This prevents the configure script from determining
                      where to install Emacs Lisp files as the test is known
                      to hang on some hosts.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      We do not need to install any of the shared Gettext
                      libraries at this time, therefore there is no need to
                      build them.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C gnulib-lib
make -C src msgfmt</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                As only one binary has been compiled, it is not possible to
                run the test suite without compiling additional support
                libraries from the Gettext package. It is therefore not
                recommended to attempt to run the test suite at this stage.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the <span class=
                "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> binary:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v src/msgfmt /tools/bin</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-gettext" title=
                "6.44.2.&nbsp;Contents of Gettext">Section&nbsp;6.44.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Gettext.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-grep" name=
                    "ch-tools-grep"></a>5.23.&nbsp;Grep-2.14
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Grep package contains programs for searching through
                files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">21 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.23.1. Installation of Grep
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Grep for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Grep test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-grep" title=
                "6.31.2.&nbsp;Contents of Grep">Section&nbsp;6.31.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Grep.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-gzip" name=
                    "ch-tools-gzip"></a>5.24.&nbsp;Gzip-1.5
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and
                decompressing files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">10 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.24.1. Installation of Gzip
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Gzip for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Gzip test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-gzip" title=
                "6.49.2.&nbsp;Contents of Gzip">Section&nbsp;6.49.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Gzip.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-m4" name=
                    "ch-tools-m4"></a>5.25.&nbsp;M4-1.4.16
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The M4 package contains a macro processor.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">16.6 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.25.1. Installation of M4
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' lib/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare M4 for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the M4 test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-m4" title=
                "6.29.2.&nbsp;Contents of M4">Section&nbsp;6.29.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of M4.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-make" name=
                    "ch-tools-make"></a>5.26.&nbsp;Make-3.82
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">11.2 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.26.1. Installation of Make
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Make for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Make test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-make" title=
                "6.54.2.&nbsp;Contents of Make">Section&nbsp;6.54.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Make.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-patch" name=
                    "ch-tools-patch"></a>5.27.&nbsp;Patch-2.7.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Patch package contains a program for modifying or
                creating files by applying a &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">patch</span>&rdquo; file typically created by the
                <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">3.4 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.27.1. Installation of Patch
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Patch for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Patch test suite anyway, issue
                the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-patch" title=
                "6.56.2.&nbsp;Contents of Patch">Section&nbsp;6.56.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Patch.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-perl" name=
                    "ch-tools-perl"></a>5.28.&nbsp;Perl-5.16.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report
                Language.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.8 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">237 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.28.1. Installation of Perl
              </h3>
              <p>
                First apply the following patch to adapt some hard-wired
                paths to the C library:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../perl-5.16.2-libc-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Perl for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Build the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Although Perl comes with a test suite, it would be better to
                wait until it is installed in the next chapter.
              </p>
              <p>
                Only a few of the utilities and libraries, need to be
                installed at this time:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v perl cpan/podlators/pod2man /tools/bin
mkdir -pv /tools/lib/perl5/5.16.2
cp -Rv lib/* /tools/lib/perl5/5.16.2</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-perl" title=
                "6.37.2.&nbsp;Contents of Perl">Section&nbsp;6.37.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Perl.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-sed" name=
                    "ch-tools-sed"></a>5.29.&nbsp;Sed-4.2.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Sed package contains a stream editor.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">10.5 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.29.1. Installation of Sed
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Sed for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Sed test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-sed" title=
                "6.18.2.&nbsp;Contents of Sed">Section&nbsp;6.18.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Sed.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-tar" name=
                    "ch-tools-tar"></a>5.30.&nbsp;Tar-1.26
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Tar package contains an archiving program.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">20.6 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.30.1. Installation of Tar
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' gnu/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Tar for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Tar test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-tar" title=
                "6.59.2.&nbsp;Contents of Tar">Section&nbsp;6.59.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Tar.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-texinfo" name=
                    "ch-tools-texinfo"></a>5.31.&nbsp;Texinfo-5.0
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing,
                and converting info pages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">94 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.31.1. Installation of Texinfo
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Texinfo test suite anyway, issue
                the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-texinfo" title=
                "6.60.2.&nbsp;Contents of Texinfo">Section&nbsp;6.60.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Texinfo.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-xz" name=
                    "ch-tools-xz"></a>5.32.&nbsp;Xz-5.0.4
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Xz package contains programs for compressing and
                decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma
                and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files
                with <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> yields
                a better compression percentage than with the traditional
                <span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> or
                <span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> commands.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">16.3 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                5.32.1. Installation of Xz-Utils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Xz for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
                the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
                in this chapter. To run the Xz test suite anyway, issue the
                following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
                "#contents-xz" title=
                "6.46.2.&nbsp;Contents of Xz">Section&nbsp;6.46.2,
                &ldquo;Contents of Xz.&rdquo;</a>
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-stripping" name=
                    "ch-tools-stripping"></a>5.33.&nbsp;Stripping
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The steps in this section are optional, but if the LFS
              partition is rather small, it is beneficial to learn that
              unnecessary items can be removed. The executables and libraries
              built so far contain about 70 MB of unneeded debugging symbols.
              Remove those symbols with:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">strip --strip-debug /tools/lib/*
strip --strip-unneeded /tools/{,s}bin/*</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              These commands will skip a number of files, reporting that it
              does not recognize their file format. Most of these are scripts
              instead of binaries.
            </p>
            <p>
              Take care <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to use
              <em class="parameter"><code>--strip-unneeded</code></em> on the
              libraries. The static ones would be destroyed and the toolchain
              packages would need to be built all over again.
            </p>
            <p>
              To save more, remove the documentation:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -rf /tools/{,share}/{info,man,doc}</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              At this point, you should have at least 850 MB of free space in
              <code class="envar">$LFS</code> that can be used to build and
              install Glibc in the next phase. If you can build and install
              Glibc, you can build and install the rest too.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-tools-changingowner" name=
                    "ch-tools-changingowner"></a>5.34.&nbsp;Changing
                    Ownership
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The commands in the remainder of this book must be performed
                while logged in as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>
                and no longer as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>.
                Also, double check that <code class="envar">$LFS</code> is
                set in <code class="systemitem">root</code>'s environment.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              Currently, the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code>
              directory is owned by the user <code class=
              "systemitem">lfs</code>, a user that exists only on the host
              system. If the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code>
              directory is kept as is, the files are owned by a user ID
              without a corresponding account. This is dangerous because a
              user account created later could get this same user ID and
              would own the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code>
              directory and all the files therein, thus exposing these files
              to possible malicious manipulation.
            </p>
            <p>
              To avoid this issue, you could add the <code class=
              "systemitem">lfs</code> user to the new LFS system later when
              creating the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file,
              taking care to assign it the same user and group IDs as on the
              host system. Better yet, change the ownership of the
              <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory to user
              <code class="systemitem">root</code> by running the following
              command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -R root:root $LFS/tools</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Although the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory
              can be deleted once the LFS system has been finished, it can be
              retained to build additional LFS systems <span class=
              "emphasis"><em>of the same book version</em></span>. How best
              to backup <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> is a matter
              of personal preference.
            </p>
            <div class="admon caution">
              <h3>
                Caution
              </h3>
              <p>
                If you intend to keep the temporary tools for use in building
                future LFS systems, <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>now</em></span> is the time to back them up.
                Subsequent commands in chapter 6 will alter the tools
                currently in place, rendering them useless for future builds.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <div>
              <h1 class="title">
                <a id="part3" name="part3"></a>Part&nbsp;III.&nbsp;Building
                the LFS System
              </h1>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-building-system" name=
                  "chapter-building-system"></a>Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing
                  Basic System Software
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-introduction" name=
                    "ch-system-introduction"></a>6.1.&nbsp;Introduction
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              In this chapter, we enter the building site and start
              constructing the LFS system in earnest. That is, we chroot into
              the temporary mini Linux system, make a few final preparations,
              and then begin installing the packages.
            </p>
            <p>
              The installation of this software is straightforward. Although
              in many cases the installation instructions could be made
              shorter and more generic, we have opted to provide the full
              instructions for every package to minimize the possibilities
              for mistakes. The key to learning what makes a Linux system
              work is to know what each package is used for and why you (or
              the system) may need it.
            </p>
            <p>
              We do not recommend using optimizations. They can make a
              program run slightly faster, but they may also cause
              compilation difficulties and problems when running the program.
              If a package refuses to compile when using optimization, try to
              compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the
              problem. Even if the package does compile when using
              optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled
              incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the
              code and build tools. Also note that the <code class=
              "option">-march</code> and <code class="option">-mtune</code>
              options using values not specified in the book have not been
              tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages
              (Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved
              in using compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the
              risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build
              without custom optimizations. The subsequent system will still
              run very fast and be stable at the same time.
            </p>
            <p>
              The order that packages are installed in this chapter needs to
              be strictly followed to ensure that no program accidentally
              acquires a path referring to <code class=
              "filename">/tools</code> hard-wired into it. For the same
              reason, do not compile separate packages in parallel. Compiling
              in parallel may save time (especially on dual-CPU machines),
              but it could result in a program containing a hard-wired path
              to <code class="filename">/tools</code>, which will cause the
              program to stop working when that directory is removed.
            </p>
            <p>
              Before the installation instructions, each installation page
              provides information about the package, including a concise
              description of what it contains, approximately how long it will
              take to build, and how much disk space is required during this
              building process. Following the installation instructions,
              there is a list of programs and libraries (along with brief
              descriptions of these) that the package installs.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The SBU values and required disk space includes test suite
                data for all applicable packages in Chapter 6.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-kernfs" name=
                    "ch-system-kernfs"></a>6.2.&nbsp;Preparing Virtual Kernel
                    File Systems
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to
              communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems
              are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content
              of the file systems resides in memory.
            </p>
            <p>
              Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will
              be mounted:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/{dev,proc,sys}</kbd>
</pre>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.2.1. Creating Initial Device Nodes
              </h3>
              <p>
                When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of
                a few device nodes, in particular the <code class=
                "filename">console</code> and <code class=
                "filename">null</code> devices. The device nodes must be
                created on the hard disk so that they are available before
                <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> has been
                started, and additionally when Linux is started with
                <em class="parameter"><code>init=/bin/bash</code></em>.
                Create the devices by running the following commands:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-system-bindmount" name=
                "ch-system-bindmount"></a>6.2.2. Mounting and Populating /dev
              </h3>
              <p>
                The recommended method of populating the <code class=
                "filename">/dev</code> directory with devices is to mount a
                virtual filesystem (such as <code class=
                "systemitem">tmpfs</code>) on the <code class=
                "filename">/dev</code> directory, and allow the devices to be
                created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are
                detected or accessed. Device creation is generally done
                during the boot process by Udev. Since this new system does
                not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is
                necessary to mount and populate <code class=
                "filename">/dev</code> manually. This is accomplished by bind
                mounting the host system's <code class="filename">/dev</code>
                directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that
                allows you to create a mirror of a directory or mount point
                to some other location. Use the following command to achieve
                this:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="ch-system-kernfsmount" name=
                "ch-system-kernfsmount"></a>6.2.3. Mounting Virtual Kernel
                File Systems
              </h3>
              <p>
                Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts
mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                In some host systems, <code class="filename">/dev/shm</code>
                is a symbolic link to <code class="filename">/run/shm</code>.
                Inside a chroot environment, this temporary file system needs
                to be mounted separate from the host file system:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
  link=$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
  mkdir -p $LFS/$link
  mount -vt tmpfs shm $LFS/$link
  unset link
else
  mount -vt tmpfs shm $LFS/dev/shm
fi</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-pkgmgt" name=
                    "ch-system-pkgmgt"></a>6.3.&nbsp;Package Management
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Package Management is an often requested addition to the LFS
              Book. A Package Manager allows tracking the installation of
              files making it easy to remove and upgrade packages. As well as
              the binary and library files, a package manager will handle the
              installation of configuration files. Before you begin to
              wonder, NO&mdash;this section will not talk about nor recommend
              any particular package manager. What it provides is a roundup
              of the more popular techniques and how they work. The perfect
              package manager for you may be among these techniques or may be
              a combination of two or more of these techniques. This section
              briefly mentions issues that may arise when upgrading packages.
            </p>
            <p>
              Some reasons why no package manager is mentioned in LFS or BLFS
              include:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Dealing with package management takes the focus away from
                    the goals of these books&mdash;teaching how a Linux
                    system is built.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    There are multiple solutions for package management, each
                    having its strengths and drawbacks. Including one that
                    satisfies all audiences is difficult.
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              There are some hints written on the topic of package
              management. Visit the <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">Hints
              Project</a> and see if one of them fits your need.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.3.1. Upgrade Issues
              </h3>
              <p>
                A Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions
                when they are released. Generally the instructions in the LFS
                and BLFS Book can be used to upgrade to the newer versions.
                Here are some points that you should be aware of when
                upgrading packages, especially on a running system.
              </p>
              <div class="itemizedlist">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      If one of the toolchain packages (Glibc, GCC or
                      Binutils) needs to be upgraded to a newer minor
                      version, it is safer to rebuild LFS. Though you
                      <span class="emphasis"><em>may</em></span> be able to
                      get by rebuilding all the packages in their dependency
                      order, we do not recommend it. For example, if
                      glibc-2.2.x needs to be updated to glibc-2.3.x, it is
                      safer to rebuild. For micro version updates, a simple
                      reinstallation usually works, but is not guaranteed.
                      For example, upgrading from glibc-2.3.4 to glibc-2.3.5
                      will not usually cause any problems.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      If a package containing a shared library is updated,
                      and if the name of the library changes, then all the
                      packages dynamically linked to the library need to be
                      recompiled to link against the newer library. (Note
                      that there is no correlation between the package
                      version and the name of the library.) For example,
                      consider a package foo-1.2.3 that installs a shared
                      library with name <code class=
                      "filename">libfoo.so.1</code>. Say you upgrade the
                      package to a newer version foo-1.2.4 that installs a
                      shared library with name <code class=
                      "filename">libfoo.so.2</code>. In this case, all
                      packages that are dynamically linked to <code class=
                      "filename">libfoo.so.1</code> need to be recompiled to
                      link against <code class="filename">libfoo.so.2</code>.
                      Note that you should not remove the previous libraries
                      until the dependent packages are recompiled.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.3.2. Package Management Techniques
              </h3>
              <p>
                The following are some common package management techniques.
                Before making a decision on a package manager, do some
                research on the various techniques, particularly the
                drawbacks of the particular scheme.
              </p>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8742960" name=
                        "idp8742960"></a>6.3.2.1.&nbsp;It is All in My Head!
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Yes, this is a package management technique. Some folks do
                  not find the need for a package manager because they know
                  the packages intimately and know what files are installed
                  by each package. Some users also do not need any package
                  management because they plan on rebuilding the entire
                  system when a package is changed.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8744464" name=
                        "idp8744464"></a>6.3.2.2.&nbsp;Install in Separate
                        Directories
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  This is a simplistic package management that does not need
                  any extra package to manage the installations. Each package
                  is installed in a separate directory. For example, package
                  foo-1.1 is installed in <code class=
                  "filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.1</code> and a symlink is made
                  from <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo</code> to
                  <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.1</code>. When
                  installing a new version foo-1.2, it is installed in
                  <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.2</code> and the
                  previous symlink is replaced by a symlink to the new
                  version.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Environment variables such as <code class=
                  "envar">PATH</code>, <code class=
                  "envar">LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code>, <code class=
                  "envar">MANPATH</code>, <code class="envar">INFOPATH</code>
                  and <code class="envar">CPPFLAGS</code> need to be expanded
                  to include <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo</code>. For
                  more than a few packages, this scheme becomes unmanageable.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8752272" name=
                        "idp8752272"></a>6.3.2.3.&nbsp;Symlink Style Package
                        Management
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  This is a variation of the previous package management
                  technique. Each package is installed similar to the
                  previous scheme. But instead of making the symlink, each
                  file is symlinked into the <code class=
                  "filename">/usr</code> hierarchy. This removes the need to
                  expand the environment variables. Though the symlinks can
                  be created by the user to automate the creation, many
                  package managers have been written using this approach. A
                  few of the popular ones include Stow, Epkg, Graft, and
                  Depot.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The installation needs to be faked, so that the package
                  thinks that it is installed in <code class=
                  "filename">/usr</code> though in reality it is installed in
                  the <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> hierarchy.
                  Installing in this manner is not usually a trivial task.
                  For example, consider that you are installing a package
                  libfoo-1.1. The following instructions may not install the
                  package properly:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1
make
make install</kbd>
</pre>
                <p>
                  The installation will work, but the dependent packages may
                  not link to libfoo as you would expect. If you compile a
                  package that links against libfoo, you may notice that it
                  is linked to <code class=
                  "filename">/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1/lib/libfoo.so.1</code>
                  instead of <code class=
                  "filename">/usr/lib/libfoo.so.1</code> as you would expect.
                  The correct approach is to use the <code class=
                  "envar">DESTDIR</code> strategy to fake installation of the
                  package. This approach works as follows:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 install</kbd>
</pre>
                <p>
                  Most packages support this approach, but there are some
                  which do not. For the non-compliant packages, you may
                  either need to manually install the package, or you may
                  find that it is easier to install some problematic packages
                  into <code class="filename">/opt</code>.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8764320" name=
                        "idp8764320"></a>6.3.2.4.&nbsp;Timestamp Based
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  In this technique, a file is timestamped before the
                  installation of the package. After the installation, a
                  simple use of the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>find</strong></span> command with the
                  appropriate options can generate a log of all the files
                  installed after the timestamp file was created. A package
                  manager written with this approach is install-log.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Though this scheme has the advantage of being simple, it
                  has two drawbacks. If, during installation, the files are
                  installed with any timestamp other than the current time,
                  those files will not be tracked by the package manager.
                  Also, this scheme can only be used when one package is
                  installed at a time. The logs are not reliable if two
                  packages are being installed on two different consoles.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8767280" name=
                        "idp8767280"></a>6.3.2.5.&nbsp;Tracing Installation
                        Scripts
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  In this approach, the commands that the installation
                  scripts perform are recorded. There are two techniques that
                  one can use:
                </p>
                <p>
                  The <code class="envar">LD_PRELOAD</code> environment
                  variable can be set to point to a library to be preloaded
                  before installation. During installation, this library
                  tracks the packages that are being installed by attaching
                  itself to various executables such as <span class=
                  "command"><strong>cp</strong></span>, <span class=
                  "command"><strong>install</strong></span>, <span class=
                  "command"><strong>mv</strong></span> and tracking the
                  system calls that modify the filesystem. For this approach
                  to work, all the executables need to be dynamically linked
                  without the suid or sgid bit. Preloading the library may
                  cause some unwanted side-effects during installation.
                  Therefore, it is advised that one performs some tests to
                  ensure that the package manager does not break anything and
                  logs all the appropriate files.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The second technique is to use <span class=
                  "command"><strong>strace</strong></span>, which logs all
                  system calls made during the execution of the installation
                  scripts.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8773040" name=
                        "idp8773040"></a>6.3.2.6.&nbsp;Creating Package
                        Archives
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  In this scheme, the package installation is faked into a
                  separate tree as described in the Symlink style package
                  management. After the installation, a package archive is
                  created using the installed files. This archive is then
                  used to install the package either on the local machine or
                  can even be used to install the package on other machines.
                </p>
                <p>
                  This approach is used by most of the package managers found
                  in the commercial distributions. Examples of package
                  managers that follow this approach are RPM (which,
                  incidentally, is required by the <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux
                  Standard Base Specification</a>), pkg-utils, Debian's apt,
                  and Gentoo's Portage system. A hint describing how to adopt
                  this style of package management for LFS systems is located
                  at <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt">
                  http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt</a>.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Creation of package files that include dependency
                  information is complex and is beyond the scope of LFS.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Slackware uses a <span class=
                  "command"><strong>tar</strong></span> based system for
                  package archives. This system purposely does not handle
                  package dependencies as more complex package managers do.
                  For details of Slackware package management, see <a class=
                  "ulink" href=
                  "http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html">http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html</a>.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp8778800" name=
                        "idp8778800"></a>6.3.2.7.&nbsp;User Based Management
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  This scheme, unique to LFS, was devised by Matthias
                  Benkmann, and is available from the <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">Hints
                  Project</a>. In this scheme, each package is installed as a
                  separate user into the standard locations. Files belonging
                  to a package are easily identified by checking the user ID.
                  The features and shortcomings of this approach are too
                  complex to describe in this section. For the details please
                  see the hint at <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt">
                  http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt</a>.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.3.3. Deploying LFS on Multiple Systems
              </h3>
              <p>
                One of the advantages of an LFS system is that there are no
                files that depend on the position of files on a disk system.
                Cloning an LFS build to another computer with an architecture
                similar to the base system is as simple as using <span class=
                "command"><strong>tar</strong></span> on the LFS partition
                that contains the root directory (about 250MB uncompressed
                for a base LFS build), copying that file via network transfer
                or CD-ROM to the new system and expanding it. From that
                point, a few configuration files will have to be changed.
                Configuration files that may need to be updated include:
                <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/fstab</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/passwd</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/group</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/shadow</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>, and <code class=
                "filename">/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0</code>.
              </p>
              <p>
                A custom kernel may need to be built for the new system
                depending on differences in system hardware and the original
                kernel configuration.
              </p>
              <p>
                Finally the new system has to be made bootable via <a class=
                "xref" href="#ch-bootable-grub" title=
                "8.4.&nbsp;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process">Section&nbsp;8.4,
                &ldquo;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process&rdquo;</a>.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-chroot" name=
                    "ch-system-chroot"></a>6.4.&nbsp;Entering the Chroot
                    Environment
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building
              and installing the final LFS system. As user <code class=
              "systemitem">root</code>, run the following command to enter
              the realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the
              temporary tools:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \
    HOME=/root                  \
    TERM="$TERM"                \
    PS1='\u:\w\$ '              \
    PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/tools/bin \
    /tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> option given to
              the <span class="command"><strong>env</strong></span> command
              will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that,
              only the <code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class=
              "envar">TERM</code>, <code class="envar">PS1</code>, and
              <code class="envar">PATH</code> variables are set again. The
              <em class="parameter"><code>TERM=$TERM</code></em> construct
              will set the <code class="envar">TERM</code> variable inside
              chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is
              needed for programs like <span class=
              "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> and <span class=
              "command"><strong>less</strong></span> to operate properly. If
              other variables are needed, such as <code class=
              "envar">CFLAGS</code> or <code class="envar">CXXFLAGS</code>,
              this is a good place to set them again.
            </p>
            <p>
              From this point on, there is no need to use the <code class=
              "envar">LFS</code> variable anymore, because all work will be
              restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash
              shell is told that <code class="filename">$LFS</code> is now
              the root (<code class="filename">/</code>) directory.
            </p>
            <p>
              Notice that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> comes last
              in the <code class="envar">PATH</code>. This means that a
              temporary tool will no longer be used once its final version is
              installed. This occurs when the shell does not
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">remember</span>&rdquo; the locations
              of executed binaries&mdash;for this reason, hashing is switched
              off by passing the <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em>
              option to <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Note that the <span class=
              "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> prompt will say
              <code class="computeroutput">I have no name!</code> This is
              normal because the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
              file has not been created yet.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                It is important that all the commands throughout the
                remainder of this chapter and the following chapters are run
                from within the chroot environment. If you leave this
                environment for any reason (rebooting for example), ensure
                that the virtual kernel filesystems are mounted as explained
                in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-bindmount" title=
                "6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">Section&nbsp;6.2.2,
                &ldquo;Mounting and Populating /dev&rdquo;</a> and <a class=
                "xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title=
                "6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section&nbsp;6.2.3,
                &ldquo;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems&rdquo;</a> and
                enter chroot again before continuing with the installation.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-creatingdirs" name=
                    "ch-system-creatingdirs"></a>6.5.&nbsp;Creating
                    Directories
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system.
              Create a standard directory tree by issuing the following
              commands:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mkdir -pv /{bin,boot,etc/{opt,sysconfig},home,lib,mnt,opt,run}
mkdir -pv /{media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,var}
install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -v  /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
for dir in /usr /usr/local; do
  ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dir
done
case $(uname -m) in
 x86_64) ln -sv lib /lib64 &amp;&amp; ln -sv lib /usr/lib64 ;;
esac
mkdir -v /var/{log,mail,spool}
ln -sv /run /var/run
ln -sv /run/lock /var/lock
mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755,
              but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands
              above, two changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of
              user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, and another to the
              directories for temporary files.
            </p>
            <p>
              The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
              the <code class="filename">/root</code> directory&mdash;the
              same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory.
              The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to
              the <code class="filename">/tmp</code> and <code class=
              "filename">/var/tmp</code> directories, but cannot remove
              another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the
              so-called &ldquo;<span class="quote">sticky bit,</span>&rdquo;
              the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.5.1. FHS Compliance Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy
                Standard (FHS) (available at <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a>).
                In addition to the FHS, we create compatibility symlinks for
                the <code class="filename">man</code>, <code class=
                "filename">doc</code>, and <code class="filename">info</code>
                directories since many packages still try to install their
                documentation into <code class=
                "filename">/usr/&lt;directory&gt;</code> or <code class=
                "filename">/usr/local/&lt;directory&gt;</code> as opposed to
                <code class="filename">/usr/share/&lt;directory&gt;</code> or
                <code class=
                "filename">/usr/local/share/&lt;directory&gt;</code>. The FHS
                also stipulates the existence of <code class=
                "filename">/usr/local/games</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/games</code>. The FHS is not precise as
                to the structure of the <code class=
                "filename">/usr/local/share</code> subdirectory, so we create
                only the directories that are needed. However, feel free to
                create these directories if you prefer to conform more
                strictly to the FHS.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-createfiles" name=
                    "ch-system-createfiles"></a>6.6.&nbsp;Creating Essential
                    Files and Symlinks
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not
              exist yet. In order to satisfy these programs, create a number
              of symbolic links which will be replaced by real files
              throughout the course of this chapter after the software has
              been installed:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,echo,pwd,stty} /bin
ln -sv /tools/bin/perl /usr/bin
ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib
ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.so{,.6} /usr/lib
sed 's/tools/usr/' /tools/lib/libstdc++.la &gt; /usr/lib/libstdc++.la
ln -sv bash /bin/sh</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              A proper Linux system maintains a list of the mounted file
              systems in the file <code class="filename">/etc/mtab</code>.
              Normally, this file would be created when we mount a new file
              system. Since we will not be mounting any file systems inside
              our chroot environment, create an empty file for utilities that
              expect the presence of <code class="filename">/etc/mtab</code>:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">touch /etc/mtab</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              In order for user <code class="systemitem">root</code> to be
              able to login and for the name &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">root</span>&rdquo; to be recognized, there must be
              relevant entries in the <code class=
              "filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class=
              "filename">/etc/group</code> files.
            </p>
            <p>
              Create the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file by
              running the following command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The actual password for <code class="systemitem">root</code>
              (the &ldquo;<span class="quote">x</span>&rdquo; used here is
              just a placeholder) will be set later.
            </p>
            <p>
              Create the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> file by
              running the following command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
mail:x:34:
nogroup:x:99:</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are
              groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev
              configuration in this chapter, and in part by common convention
              employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. The Linux
              Standard Base (LSB, available at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxbase.org">http://www.linuxbase.org</a>)
              recommends only that, besides the group <code class=
              "systemitem">root</code> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group
              <code class="systemitem">bin</code> with a GID of 1 be present.
              All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the
              system administrator since well-written programs do not depend
              on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.
            </p>
            <p>
              To remove the &ldquo;<span class="quote">I have no
              name!</span>&rdquo; prompt, start a new shell. Since a full
              Glibc was installed in <a class="xref" href=
              "#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter
              5</a> and the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and
              <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> files have been
              created, user name and group name resolution will now work:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Note the use of the <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em>
              directive. This tells <span class=
              "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> not to use its internal
              path hashing. Without this directive, <span class=
              "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> would remember the paths
              to binaries it has executed. To ensure the use of the newly
              compiled binaries as soon as they are installed, the <em class=
              "parameter"><code>+h</code></em> directive will be used for the
              duration of this chapter.
            </p>
            <p>
              The <span class="command"><strong>login</strong></span>,
              <span class="command"><strong>agetty</strong></span>, and
              <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span> programs
              (and others) use a number of log files to record information
              such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these
              programs will not write to the log files if they do not already
              exist. Initialize the log files and give them proper
              permissions:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664  /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600  /var/log/btmp</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The <code class="filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> file records
              all logins and logouts. The <code class=
              "filename">/var/log/lastlog</code> file records when each user
              last logged in. The <code class="filename">/var/log/btmp</code>
              file records the bad login attempts.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The <code class="filename">/run/utmp</code> file records the
                users that are currently logged in. This file is created
                dynamically in the boot scripts.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-linux-headers" name=
                    "ch-system-linux-headers"></a>6.7.&nbsp;Linux-3.8.1 API
                    Headers
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Linux API Headers (in linux-3.8.1.tar.xz) expose the
                kernel's API for use by Glibc.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">515 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.7.1. Installation of Linux API Headers
              </h3>
              <p>
                The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming
                Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to
                use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files
                that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball.
              </p>
              <p>
                Make sure there are no stale files and dependencies lying
                around from previous activity:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now test and extract the user-visible kernel headers from the
                source. They are placed in an intermediate local directory
                and copied to the needed location because the extraction
                process removes any existing files in the target directory.
                There are also some hidden files used by the kernel
                developers and not needed by LFS that are removed from the
                intermediate directory.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make headers_check
make INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
find dest/include \( -name .install -o -name ..install.cmd \) -delete
</kbd><kbd class="command">cp -rv dest/include/* /usr/include</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-linux-headers" name=
                "contents-linux-headers"></a>6.7.2. Contents of Linux API
                Headers
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed headers:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/asm/*.h,
                    /usr/include/asm-generic/*.h, /usr/include/drm/*.h,
                    /usr/include/linux/*.h, /usr/include/mtd/*.h,
                    /usr/include/rdma/*.h, /usr/include/scsi/*.h,
                    /usr/include/sound/*.h, /usr/include/video/*.h,
                    /usr/include/xen/*.h</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/asm,
                    /usr/include/asm-generic, /usr/include/drm,
                    /usr/include/linux, /usr/include/mtd, /usr/include/rdma,
                    /usr/include/scsi, /usr/include/sound,
                    /usr/include/video, /usr/include/xen</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp8895728" name="idp8895728"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="asm" name="asm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/asm/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API ASM Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="asm-generic" name=
                          "asm-generic"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API ASM Generic Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="drm" name="drm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/drm/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API DRM Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="linux" name="linux"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/linux/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API Linux Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mtd" name="mtd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/mtd/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API MTD Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rdma" name="rdma"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/rdma/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API RDMA Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="scsi" name="scsi"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/scsi/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API SCSI Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sound" name="sound"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/sound/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API Sound Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="video" name="video"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/video/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API Video Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xen" name="xen"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/usr/include/xen/*.h</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Linux API Xen Headers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-man-pages" name=
                    "ch-system-man-pages"></a>6.8.&nbsp;Man-pages-3.47
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Man-pages package contains over 1,900 man pages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">22 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.8.1. Installation of Man-pages
              </h3>
              <p>
                Install Man-pages by running:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-manpages" name="contents-manpages"></a>6.8.2.
                Contents of Man-pages
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">various man pages</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp8956656" name="idp8956656"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="man-pages" name="man-pages"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">man
                          pages</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Describe C programming language functions,
                          important device files, and significant
                          configuration files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-glibc" name=
                    "ch-system-glibc"></a>6.9.&nbsp;Glibc-2.17
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library
                provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching
                directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing
                files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so
                on.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">17.6 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">852 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.9.1. Installation of Glibc
              </h3>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Some packages outside of LFS suggest installing GNU
                  libiconv in order to translate data from one encoding to
                  another. The project's home page (<a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/</a>)
                  says &ldquo;<span class="quote">This library provides an
                  <code class="function">iconv()</code> implementation, for
                  use on systems which don't have one, or whose
                  implementation cannot convert from/to
                  Unicode.</span>&rdquo; Glibc provides an <code class=
                  "function">iconv()</code> implementation and can convert
                  from/to Unicode, therefore libiconv is not required on an
                  LFS system.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                The Glibc build system is self-contained and will install
                perfectly, even though the compiler specs file and linker are
                still pointing at <code class="filename">/tools</code>. The
                specs and linker cannot be adjusted before the Glibc install
                because the Glibc autoconf tests would give false results and
                defeat the goal of achieving a clean build.
              </p>
              <p>
                The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc outside of
                the source directory in a dedicated build directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../glibc-build
cd ../glibc-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Glibc for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../glibc-2.17/configure  \
    --prefix=/usr          \
    --disable-profile      \
    --enable-kernel=2.6.25 \
    --libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This changes the location of the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>pt_chown</strong></span> program from
                      its default of <code class=
                      "filename">/usr/libexec</code> to <code class=
                      "filename">/usr/lib/glibc</code>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon important">
                <h3>
                  Important
                </h3>
                <p>
                  In this section, the test suite for Glibc is considered
                  critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Generally a few tests do not pass, but you can generally
                ignore any of the test failures listed below. Now test the
                build results:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -k check 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee glibc-check-log
grep Error glibc-check-log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                You will probably see an expected (ignored) failure in the
                <span class="emphasis"><em>posix/annexc</em></span> and
                <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>conform/run-conformtest</em></span> tests. In
                addition the Glibc test suite is somewhat dependent on the
                host system. This is a list of the most common issues:
              </p>
              <div class="itemizedlist">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The <span class=
                      "emphasis"><em>nptl/tst-clock2</em></span>,
                      <span class="emphasis"><em>nptl/tst-attr3</em></span>,
                      <span class=
                      "emphasis"><em>tst/tst-cputimer1</em></span>, and
                      <span class="emphasis"><em>rt/tst-cpuclock2</em></span>
                      tests have been known to fail. The reason is not
                      completely understood, but indications are that minor
                      timing issues can trigger these failures.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The math tests sometimes fail when running on systems
                      where the CPU is not a relatively new genuine Intel or
                      authentic AMD processor.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      When running on older and slower hardware or on systems
                      under load, some tests can fail because of test
                      timeouts being exceeded. Modifying the make check
                      command to set a TIMEOUTFACTOR is reported to help
                      eliminate these errors (e.g. <span class=
                      "command"><strong>TIMEOUTFACTOR=16 make -k
                      check</strong></span>).
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      Other tests known to fail on some architectures are
                      posix/bug-regex32, misc/tst-writev, elf/check-textrel,
                      nptl/tst-getpid2, and stdio-common/bug22.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
              <p>
                Though it is a harmless message, the install stage of Glibc
                will complain about the absence of <code class=
                "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>. Prevent this warning with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">touch /etc/ld.so.conf</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install NIS and RPC related headers that are not installed by
                default; these are required to rebuild glibc and by several
                BLFS packages:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v ../glibc-2.17/sunrpc/rpc/*.h /usr/include/rpc
cp -v ../glibc-2.17/sunrpc/rpcsvc/*.h /usr/include/rpcsvc
cp -v ../glibc-2.17/nis/rpcsvc/*.h /usr/include/rpcsvc</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The locales that can make the system respond in a different
                language were not installed by the above command. None of the
                locales are required, but if some of them are missing, test
                suites of the future packages would skip important testcases.
              </p>
              <p>
                Individual locales can be installed using the <span class=
                "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> program. E.g.,
                the first <span class=
                "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command below
                combines the <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/i18n/locales/cs_CZ</code>
                charset-independent locale definition with the <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/i18n/charmaps/UTF-8.gz</code> charmap
                definition and appends the result to the <code class=
                "filename">/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</code> file. The
                following instructions will install the minimum set of
                locales necessary for the optimal coverage of tests:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale
localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8
localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE
localedef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@euro
localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8
localedef -i en_GB -f UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8
localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HK
localedef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PH
localedef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_US
localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8
localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MX
localedef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IR
localedef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FR
localedef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@euro
localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8
localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_IT
localedef -i it_IT -f UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8
localedef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JP
localedef -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
localedef -i ru_RU -f UTF-8 ru_RU.UTF-8
localedef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8
localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                In addition, install the locale for your own country,
                language and character set.
              </p>
              <p>
                Alternatively, install all locales listed in the <code class=
                "filename">glibc-2.17/localedata/SUPPORTED</code> file (it
                includes every locale listed above and many more) at once
                with the following time-consuming command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make localedata/install-locales</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Then use the <span class=
                "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command to create
                and install locales not listed in the <code class=
                "filename">glibc-2.17/localedata/SUPPORTED</code> file in the
                unlikely case you need them.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-glibc" name="conf-glibc"></a>6.9.2. Configuring
                Glibc
              </h3>
              <p>
                The <code class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> file
                needs to be created because, although Glibc provides defaults
                when this file is missing or corrupt, the Glibc defaults do
                not work well in a networked environment. The time zone also
                needs to be configured.
              </p>
              <p>
                Create a new file <code class=
                "filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> by running the
                following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/nsswitch.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf

passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files

hosts: files dns
networks: files

protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files

# End /etc/nsswitch.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install timezone data:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -xf ../tzdata2012j.tar.gz

ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo
mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right}

for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica  \
          asia australasia backward pacificnew solar87 solar88 solar89 \
          systemv; do
    zic -L /dev/null   -d $ZONEINFO       -y "sh yearistype.sh" ${tz}
    zic -L /dev/null   -d $ZONEINFO/posix -y "sh yearistype.sh" ${tz}
    zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right -y "sh yearistype.sh" ${tz}
done

cp -v zone.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO
zic -d $ZONEINFO -p America/New_York
unset ZONEINFO</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the zic commands:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic -L
                    /dev/null ...</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This creates posix timezones, without any leap seconds.
                      It is conventional to put these in both <code class=
                      "filename">zoneinfo</code> and <code class=
                      "filename">zoneinfo/posix</code>. It is necessary to
                      put the POSIX timezones in <code class=
                      "filename">zoneinfo</code>, otherwise various
                      test-suites will report errors. On an embedded system,
                      where space is tight and you do not intend to ever
                      update the timezones, you could save 1.9MB by not using
                      the <code class="filename">posix</code> directory, but
                      some applications or test-suites might give less good
                      results
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic -L
                    leapseconds ...</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This creates right timezones, including leap seconds.
                      On an embedded system, where space is tight and you do
                      not intend to ever update the timezones, or care about
                      the correct time, you could save 1.9MB by omitting the
                      <code class="filename">right</code> directory.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic ... -p
                    ...</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This creates the <code class=
                      "filename">posixrules</code> file. We use New York
                      because POSIX requires the daylight savings time rules
                      to be in accordance with US rules.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                One way to determine the local time zone is to run the
                following script:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tzselect</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                After answering a few questions about the location, the
                script will output the name of the time zone (e.g.,
                <span class="emphasis"><em>America/Edmonton</em></span>).
                There are also some other possible timezones listed in
                <code class="filename">/usr/share/zoneinfo</code> such as
                <span class="emphasis"><em>Canada/Eastern</em></span> or
                <span class="emphasis"><em>EST5EDT</em></span> that are not
                identified by the script but can be used.
              </p>
              <p>
                Then create the <code class="filename">/etc/localtime</code>
                file by running:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cp -v --remove-destination /usr/share/zoneinfo/<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> \
    /etc/localtime</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
                with the name of the time zone selected (e.g.,
                Canada/Eastern).
              </p>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the cp option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--remove-destination</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This is needed to force removal of the already existing
                      symbolic link. The reason for copying the file instead
                      of using a symlink is to cover the situation where
                      <code class="filename">/usr</code> is on a separate
                      partition. This could be important when booted into
                      single user mode.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-ld" name="conf-ld"></a>6.9.3. Configuring the
                Dynamic Loader
              </h3>
              <p>
                By default, the dynamic loader (<code class=
                "filename">/lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>) searches through
                <code class="filename">/lib</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/usr/lib</code> for dynamic libraries that are
                needed by programs as they are run. However, if there are
                libraries in directories other than <code class=
                "filename">/lib</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/usr/lib</code>, these need to be added to the
                <code class="filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> file in order
                for the dynamic loader to find them. Two directories that are
                commonly known to contain additional libraries are
                <code class="filename">/usr/local/lib</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/opt/lib</code>, so add those directories to the
                dynamic loader's search path.
              </p>
              <p>
                Create a new file <code class=
                "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> by running the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/ld.so.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, the dynamic loader can also search a directory
                and include the contents of files found there. Generally the
                files in this include directory are one line specifying the
                desired library path. To add this capability run the
                following commands:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt;&gt; /etc/ld.so.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Add an include directory
include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
</code>
EOF
mkdir /etc/ld.so.conf.d</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-glibc" name="contents-glibc"></a>6.9.4.
                Contents of Glibc
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">catchsegv, gencat, getconf, getent,
                    iconv, iconvconfig, ldconfig, ldd, lddlibc4, locale,
                    localedef, makedb, mtrace, nscd, pcprofiledump, pldd,
                    pt_chown, rpcgen, sln, sotruss, sprof, tzselect, xtrace,
                    zdump, and zic</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">ld.so, libBrokenLocale.{a,so},
                    libSegFault.so, libanl.{a,so}, libbsd-compat.a,
                    libc.{a,so}, libc_nonshared.a, libcidn.so,
                    libcrypt.{a,so}, libdl.{a,so}, libg.a, libieee.a,
                    libm.{a,so}, libmcheck.a, libmemusage.so, libnsl.{a,so},
                    libnss_compat.so, libnss_dns.so, libnss_files.so,
                    libnss_hesiod.so, libnss_nis.so, libnss_nisplus.so,
                    libpcprofile.so, libpthread.{a,so},
                    libpthread_nonshared.a, libresolv.{a,so}, librpcsvc.a,
                    librt.{a,so}, libthread_db.so, and libutil.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/arpa,
                    /usr/include/bits, /usr/include/gnu, /usr/include/net,
                    /usr/include/netash, /usr/include/netatalk,
                    /usr/include/netax25, /usr/include/neteconet,
                    /usr/include/netinet, /usr/include/netipx,
                    /usr/include/netiucv, /usr/include/netpacket,
                    /usr/include/netrom, /usr/include/netrose,
                    /usr/include/nfs, /usr/include/protocols,
                    /usr/include/rpc, /usr/include/rpcsvc, /usr/include/sys,
                    /usr/lib/audit, /usr/lib/gconv, /usr/lib/glibc,
                    /usr/lib/locale, /usr/share/i18n, /usr/share/zoneinfo,
                    /var/db</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9079152" name="idp9079152"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="catchsegv" name="catchsegv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>catchsegv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Can be used to create a stack trace when a program
                          terminates with a segmentation fault
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gencat" name="gencat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gencat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates message catalogues
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="getconf" name="getconf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>getconf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the system configuration values for file
                          system specific variables
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="getent" name="getent"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>getent</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Gets entries from an administrative database
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="iconv" name="iconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>iconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Performs character set conversion
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="iconvconfig" name=
                          "iconvconfig"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>iconvconfig</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates fastloading <span class=
                          "command"><strong>iconv</strong></span> module
                          configuration files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ldconfig" name="ldconfig"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Configures the dynamic linker runtime bindings
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ldd" name="ldd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ldd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports which shared libraries are required by each
                          given program or shared library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lddlibc4" name="lddlibc4"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lddlibc4</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Assists <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ldd</strong></span> with object
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="locale" name="locale"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>locale</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints various information about the current locale
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="localedef" name="localedef"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compiles locale specifications
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="makedb" name="makedb"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>makedb</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a simple database from textual input
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mtrace" name="mtrace"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mtrace</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads and interprets a memory trace file and
                          displays a summary in human-readable format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nscd" name="nscd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nscd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A daemon that provides a cache for the most common
                          name service requests
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pcprofiledump" name=
                          "pcprofiledump"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pcprofiledump</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps information generated by PC profiling
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pldd" name="pldd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pldd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists dynamic shared objects used by running
                          processes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pt_chown" name="pt_chown"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pt_chown</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A helper program for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>grantpt</strong></span> to set
                          the owner, group and access permissions of a slave
                          pseudo terminal
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rpcgen" name="rpcgen"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rpcgen</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates C code to implement the Remote Procedure
                          Call (RPC) protocol
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sln" name="sln"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sln</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A statically linked <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ln</strong></span> program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sotruss" name="sotruss"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sotruss</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Traces shared library procedure calls of a
                          specified command
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sprof" name="sprof"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sprof</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads and displays shared object profiling data
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tzselect" name="tzselect"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tzselect</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Asks the user about the location of the system and
                          reports the corresponding time zone description
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xtrace" name="xtrace"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xtrace</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Traces the execution of a program by printing the
                          currently executed function
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zdump" name="zdump"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zdump</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The time zone dumper
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zic" name="zic"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zic</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The time zone compiler
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ld.so" name="ld.so"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">ld.so</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The helper program for shared library executables
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libBrokenLocale" name=
                          "libBrokenLocale"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libBrokenLocale</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used internally by Glibc as a gross hack to get
                          broken programs (e.g., some Motif applications)
                          running. See comments in <code class=
                          "filename">glibc-2.17/locale/broken_cur_max.c</code>
                          for more information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libSegFault" name=
                          "libSegFault"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libSegFault</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The segmentation fault signal handler, used by
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>catchsegv</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libanl" name="libanl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libanl</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An asynchronous name lookup library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libbsd-compat" name=
                          "libbsd-compat"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libbsd-compat</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides the portability needed in order to run
                          certain Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
                          programs under Linux
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libc" name="libc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libc</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The main C library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libcidn" name="libcidn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libcidn</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used internally by Glibc for handling
                          internationalized domain names in the <code class=
                          "function">getaddrinfo()</code> function
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libcrypt" name="libcrypt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libcrypt</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The cryptography library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libdl" name="libdl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libdl</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The dynamic linking interface library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libg" name="libg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libg</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dummy library containing no functions. Previously
                          was a runtime library for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>g++</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libieee" name="libieee"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libieee</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Linking in this module forces error handling rules
                          for math functions as defined by the Institute of
                          Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). The
                          default is POSIX.1 error handling
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libm" name="libm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libm</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The mathematical library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmcheck" name="libmcheck"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libmcheck</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Turns on memory allocation checking when linked to
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmemusage" name=
                          "libmemusage"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libmemusage</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>memusage</strong></span> to help
                          collect information about the memory usage of a
                          program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libnsl" name="libnsl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libnsl</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The network services library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libnss" name="libnss"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libnss</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Name Service Switch libraries, containing
                          functions for resolving host names, user names,
                          group names, aliases, services, protocols, etc.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libpcprofile" name=
                          "libpcprofile"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libpcprofile</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains profiling functions used to track the
                          amount of CPU time spent in specific source code
                          lines
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libpthread" name=
                          "libpthread"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libpthread</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The POSIX threads library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libresolv" name="libresolv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libresolv</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions for creating, sending, and
                          interpreting packets to the Internet domain name
                          servers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="librpcsvc" name="librpcsvc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">librpcsvc</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions providing miscellaneous RPC
                          services
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="librt" name="librt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">librt</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions providing most of the interfaces
                          specified by the POSIX.1b Realtime Extension
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libthread_db" name=
                          "libthread_db"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libthread_db</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions useful for building debuggers
                          for multi-threaded programs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libutil" name="libutil"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libutil</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains code for &ldquo;<span class=
                          "quote">standard</span>&rdquo; functions used in
                          many different Unix utilities
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-adjusting" name=
                    "ch-system-adjusting"></a>6.10.&nbsp;Adjusting the
                    Toolchain
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Now that the final C libraries have been installed, it is time
              to adjust the toolchain so that it will link any newly compiled
              program against these new libraries.
            </p>
            <p>
              First, backup the <code class="filename">/tools</code> linker,
              and replace it with the adjusted linker we made in chapter 5.
              We'll also create a link to its counterpart in <code class=
              "filename">/tools/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/bin</code>:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /tools/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/bin/{ld-new,ld}
ln -sv /tools/bin/ld /tools/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/bin/ld</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Next, amend the GCC specs file so that it points to the new
              dynamic linker. Simply deleting all instances of
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">/tools</span>&rdquo; should leave us
              with the correct path to the dynamic linker. Also adjust the
              specs file so that GCC knows where to find the correct headers
              and Glibc start files. A <span class=
              "command"><strong>sed</strong></span> command accomplishes
              this:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">gcc -dumpspecs | sed -e 's@/tools@@g' \
    -e '/\*startfile_prefix_spec:/{n;s@.*@/usr/lib/ @}' \
    -e '/\*cpp:/{n;s@$@ -isystem /usr/include@}' &gt; \
    `dirname $(gcc --print-libgcc-file-name)`/specs</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              It is a good idea to visually inspect the specs file to verify
              the intended change was actually made.
            </p>
            <p>
              It is imperative at this point to ensure that the basic
              functions (compiling and linking) of the adjusted toolchain are
              working as expected. To do this, perform the following sanity
              checks:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &amp;&gt; dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors,
              and the output of the last command will be (allowing for
              platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              Note that <code class="filename">/lib</code> is now the prefix
              of our dynamic linker.
            </p>
            <p>
              Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct startfiles:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors,
              and the output of the last command will be:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">/usr/lib/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/crtn.o succeeded</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header
              files:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -B1 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              This command should return successfully with the following
              output:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">#include &lt;...&gt; search starts here:
 /usr/include</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct
              search paths:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors,
              and the output of the last command (allowing for
              platform-specific target triplets) will be:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/tools/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib");</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors,
              and the output of the last command (allowing for a lib64
              directory on 64-bit hosts) will be:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep found dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors,
              and the output of the last command will be (allowing for
              platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name and a
              lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts):
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">found ld-linux.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received
              at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and
              retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct
              it. The most likely reason is that something went wrong with
              the specs file adjustment. Any issues will need to be resolved
              before continuing on with the process.
            </p>
            <p>
              Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-zlib" name=
                    "ch-system-zlib"></a>6.11.&nbsp;Zlib-1.2.7
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Zlib package contains compression and decompression
                routines used by some programs.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">3.9 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.11.1. Installation of Zlib
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Zlib for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The shared library needs to be moved to <code class=
                "filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class=
                "filename">.so</code> file in <code class=
                "filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libz.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/libz.so.1.2.7 /usr/lib/libz.so</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-zlib" name="contents-zlib"></a>6.11.2.
                Contents of Zlib
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libz.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9364704" name="idp9364704"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libz" name="libz"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libz</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains compression and decompression functions
                          used by some programs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-file" name=
                    "ch-system-file"></a>6.12.&nbsp;File-5.13
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The File package contains a utility for determining the type
                of a given file or files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">12.5 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.12.1. Installation of File
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare File for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-file" name="contents-file"></a>6.12.2.
                Contents of File
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">file</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libmagic.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9390560" name="idp9390560"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="file" name="file"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>file</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tries to classify each given file; it does this by
                          performing several tests&mdash;file system tests,
                          magic number tests, and language tests
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmagic" name="libmagic"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libmagic</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines for magic number recognition,
                          used by the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>file</strong></span> program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-binutils" name=
                    "ch-system-binutils"></a>6.13.&nbsp;Binutils-2.23.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and
                other tools for handling object files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.9 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">343 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.13.1. Installation of Binutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot
                environment by performing a simple test:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">expect -c "spawn ls"</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This command should output the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">spawn ls</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                If, instead, the output includes the message below, then the
                environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. This
                issue needs to be resolved before running the test suites for
                Binutils and GCC:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">The system has no more ptys.
Ask your system administrator to create more.</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                Suppress the installation of an outdated <code class=
                "filename">standards.info</code> file as a newer one is
                installed later on in the Autoconf instructions:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -fv etc/standards.info
sed -i.bak '/^INFO/s/standards.info //' etc/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Fix some test suite scripts so all tests pass:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">patch -Np1 -i ../binutils-2.23.1-testsuite_fix-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils
                outside of the source directory in a dedicated build
                directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Binutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">../binutils-2.23.1/configure --prefix=/usr --enable-shared</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  There is an optional argument to <span class=
                  "command"><strong>configure</strong></span>, <code class=
                  "option">--enable-lto</code>, that can be used to allow the
                  <span class="command"><strong>ar</strong></span>,
                  <span class="command"><strong>nm</strong></span>, and
                  <span class="command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span>
                  commands to accept a <code class="option">--plugin</code>
                  parameter. This is used to allow <span class=
                  "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> to do "link time
                  optimization" if specified. No packages in LFS or BLFS
                  currently use this capability.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make tooldir=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make parameter:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>tooldir=/usr</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Normally, the tooldir (the directory where the
                      executables will ultimately be located) is set to
                      <code class=
                      "filename">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</code>. For
                      example, x86_64 machines would expand that to
                      <code class=
                      "filename">/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu</code>.
                      Because this is a custom system, this target-specific
                      directory in <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not
                      required. <code class=
                      "filename">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</code> would
                      be used if the system was used to cross-compile (for
                      example, compiling a package on an Intel machine that
                      generates code that can be executed on PowerPC
                      machines).
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <div class="admon important">
                <h3>
                  Important
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered
                  critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Test the results:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make tooldir=/usr install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the <code class="filename">libiberty</code> header
                file that is needed by some packages:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cp -v ../binutils-2.23.1/include/libiberty.h /usr/include</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-binutils" name=
                "contents-binutils"></a>6.13.2. Contents of Binutils
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">addr2line, ar, as, c++filt,
                    elfedit, gprof, ld, ld.bfd, nm, objcopy, objdump, ranlib,
                    readelf, size, strings, and strip</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libiberty.a, libbfd.{a,so}, and
                    libopcodes.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/ldscripts</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9450736" name="idp9450736"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="addr2line" name="addr2line"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>addr2line</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates program addresses to file names and line
                          numbers; given an address and the name of an
                          executable, it uses the debugging information in
                          the executable to determine which source file and
                          line number are associated with the address
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ar" name="ar"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ar</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates, modifies, and extracts from archives
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="as" name="as"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>as</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An assembler that assembles the output of
                          <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>
                          into object files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="c-filt" name="c-filt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>c++filt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and Java
                          symbols and to keep overloaded functions from
                          clashing
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="elfedit" name="elfedit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>elfedit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Updates the ELF header of ELF files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gprof" name="gprof"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gprof</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays call graph profile data
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ld" name="ld"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ld</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A linker that combines a number of object and
                          archive files into a single file, relocating their
                          data and tying up symbol references
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ld.bfd" name="ld.bfd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ld.bfd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ld</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nm" name="nm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists the symbols occurring in a given object file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="objcopy" name="objcopy"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>objcopy</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates one type of object file into another
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="objdump" name="objdump"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>objdump</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays information about the given object file,
                          with options controlling the particular information
                          to display; the information shown is useful to
                          programmers who are working on the compilation
                          tools
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ranlib" name="ranlib"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates an index of the contents of an archive
                          and stores it in the archive; the index lists all
                          of the symbols defined by archive members that are
                          relocatable object files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="readelf" name="readelf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>readelf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays information about ELF type binaries
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="size" name="size"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>size</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists the section sizes and the total size for the
                          given object files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="strings" name="strings"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>strings</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Outputs, for each given file, the sequences of
                          printable characters that are of at least the
                          specified length (defaulting to four); for object
                          files, it prints, by default, only the strings from
                          the initializing and loading sections while for
                          other types of files, it scans the entire file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="strip" name="strip"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>strip</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Discards symbols from object files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libiberty" name="libiberty"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libiberty</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines used by various GNU programs,
                          including <span class=
                          "command"><strong>getopt</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>obstack</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>strerror</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>strtol</strong></span>, and
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>strtoul</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libbfd" name="libbfd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libbfd</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Binary File Descriptor library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libopcodes" name=
                          "libopcodes"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libopcodes</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A library for dealing with opcodes&mdash;the
                          &ldquo;<span class="quote">readable
                          text</span>&rdquo; versions of instructions for the
                          processor; it is used for building utilities like
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>objdump</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-gmp" name=
                    "ch-system-gmp"></a>6.14.&nbsp;GMP-5.1.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful
                functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">50 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.14.1. Installation of GMP
              </h3>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  If you are building for 32-bit x86, but you have a CPU
                  which is capable of running 64-bit code <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>and</em></span> you have specified
                  <code class="envar">CFLAGS</code> in the environment, the
                  configure script will attempt to configure for 64-bits and
                  fail. Avoid this by invoking the configure command below
                  with
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command"><em class=
"parameter"><code>ABI=32</code></em> ./configure ...</kbd>
</pre>
              </div>
              <p>
                Prepare GMP for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-cxx</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-cxx</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This parameter enables C++ support
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon important">
                <h3>
                  Important
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The test suite for GMP in this section is considered
                  critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Test the results:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee gmp-check-log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Ensure that all 184 tests in the test suite passed. Check the
                results by issuing the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">awk '/tests passed/{total+=$2} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, install the documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gmp-5.1.1
cp    -v doc/{isa_abi_headache,configuration} doc/*.html \
         /usr/share/doc/gmp-5.1.1</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gmp" name="contents-gmp"></a>6.14.2. Contents
                of GMP
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libgmp.{a,so}, libgmpxx.{a,so}, and
                    libmp.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/gmp-5.1.1</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9573024" name="idp9573024"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgmp" name="libgmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libgmp</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains precision math functions.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgmpxx" name="libgmpxx"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libgmpxx</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains C++ precision math functions.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmp" name="libmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libmp</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains the Berkeley MP math functions.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-mpfr" name=
                    "ch-system-mpfr"></a>6.15.&nbsp;MPFR-3.1.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision
                math.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.8 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">27 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.15.1. Installation of MPFR
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare MPFR for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure  --prefix=/usr        \
             --enable-thread-safe \
             --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-3.1.1</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon important">
                <h3>
                  Important
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The test suite for MPFR in this section is considered
                  critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Test the results and ensure that all tests passed:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make html
</kbd><kbd class="command">make install-html</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-mpfr" name="contents-mpfr"></a>6.15.2.
                Contents of MPFR
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libmpfr.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/mpfr-3.1.1</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9611664" name="idp9611664"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmpfr" name="libmpfr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libmpfr</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains multiple-precision math functions.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-mpc" name=
                    "ch-system-mpc"></a>6.16.&nbsp;MPC-1.0.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of
                complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct
                rounding of the result.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">10.2 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.16.1. Installation of MPC
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare MPC for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-mpc" name="contents-mpc"></a>6.16.2. Contents
                of MPC
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libmpc.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9636672" name="idp9636672"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmpc" name="libmpc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libmpc</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains complex math functions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-gcc" name=
                    "ch-system-gcc"></a>6.17.&nbsp;GCC-4.7.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which
                includes the C and C++ compilers.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">53.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">2.0 GB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.17.1. Installation of GCC
              </h3>
              <p>
                Apply a <span class="command"><strong>sed</strong></span>
                substitution that will suppress the installation of
                <code class="filename">libiberty.a</code>. The version of
                <code class="filename">libiberty.a</code> provided by
                Binutils will be used instead:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Again, do not build the .info files. They are broken with the
                current version of <span class=
                "command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span>.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's/BUILD_INFO=info/BUILD_INFO=/' gcc/configure</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                As in <a class="xref" href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass2" title=
                "5.9.&nbsp;GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 2">Section&nbsp;5.9,
                &ldquo;GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 2&rdquo;</a>, apply the following
                <span class="command"><strong>sed</strong></span> to force
                the build to use the <code class=
                "option">-fomit-frame-pointer</code> compiler flag in order
                to ensure consistent compiler builds:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case `uname -m` in
  i?86) sed -i 's/^T_CFLAGS =$/&amp; -fomit-frame-pointer/' gcc/Makefile.in ;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Also fix an error in one of the check Makefiles:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -e /autogen/d -e /check.sh/d fixincludes/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The GCC documentation recommends building GCC outside of the
                source directory in a dedicated build directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare GCC for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../gcc-4.7.2/configure --prefix=/usr            \
                       --libexecdir=/usr/lib    \
                       --enable-shared          \
                       --enable-threads=posix   \
                       --enable-__cxa_atexit    \
                       --enable-clocale=gnu     \
                       --enable-languages=c,c++ \
                       --disable-multilib       \
                       --disable-bootstrap      \
                       --with-system-zlib</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Note that for other languages, there are some prerequisites
                that are not available. See the BLFS Book for instructions on
                how to build all the GCC supported languages.
              </p>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-system-zlib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed
                      copy of the Zlib library, rather than its own internal
                      copy.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  There is an optional argument to <span class=
                  "command"><strong>configure</strong></span>, <code class=
                  "option">--enable-lto</code>, that can be used to allow
                  <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> to do do
                  "link time optimization" if specified. No packages in LFS
                  or BLFS currently use this capability.
                </p>
                <p>
                  To use this feature, it must also be enabled in
                  <span class="application">binutils</span>.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon important">
                <h3>
                  Important
                </h3>
                <p>
                  In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered
                  critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust
                the stack, so increase the stack size prior to running the
                tests:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ulimit -s 32768</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Test the results, but do not stop at errors:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -k check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To receive a summary of the test suite results, run:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../gcc-4.7.2/contrib/test_summary</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                For only the summaries, pipe the output through
                <strong class="userinput"><code>grep -A7
                Summ</code></strong>.
              </p>
              <p>
                Results can be compared with those located at <a class=
                "ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/7.3/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/7.3/</a>
                and <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/</a>.
              </p>
              <p>
                A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC
                developers are usually aware of these issues, but have not
                resolved them yet. In particular, the <code class=
                "filename">libmudflap</code> tests are known to be
                particularly problematic as a result of a bug in GCC
                (<a class="ulink" href=
                "http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=20003">http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=20003</a>).
                Unless the test results are vastly different from those at
                the above URL, it is safe to continue.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Some packages expect the C preprocessor to be installed in
                the <code class="filename">/lib</code> directory. To support
                those packages, create this symlink:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp /lib</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Many packages use the name <span class=
                "command"><strong>cc</strong></span> to call the C compiler.
                To satisfy those packages, create a symlink:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv gcc /usr/bin/cc</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now that our final toolchain is in place, it is important to
                again ensure that compiling and linking will work as
                expected. We do this by performing the same sanity checks as
                we did earlier in the chapter:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &amp;&gt; dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing
                for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct startfiles:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                errors, and the output of the last command will be:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../crtn.o succeeded</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                Depending on your machine architecture, the above may differ
                slightly, the difference usually being the name of the
                directory after <code class="filename">/usr/lib/gcc</code>.
                If your machine is a 64-bit system, you may also see a
                directory named <code class="filename">lib64</code> towards
                the end of the string. The important thing to look for here
                is that <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> has
                found all three <code class="filename">crt*.o</code> files
                under the <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code> directory.
              </p>
              <p>
                Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header
                files:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This command should return successfully with the following
                output:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">#include &lt;...&gt; search starts here:
 /usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.7.2/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/lib/gcc/i686-pc-linux-gnu/4.7.2/include-fixed
 /usr/include</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                Again, note that the directory named after your target
                triplet may be different than the above, depending on your
                architecture.
              </p>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  As of version 4.3.0, GCC now unconditionally installs the
                  <code class="filename">limits.h</code> file into the
                  private <code class="filename">include-fixed</code>
                  directory, and that directory is required to be in place.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the
                correct search paths:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                errors, and the output of the last command (allowing for
                platform-specific target triplets) will be:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                A 64-bit system may see a few more directories. For example,
                here is the output from an x86_64 machine:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                errors, and the output of the last command (allowing for a
                lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts) will be:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep found dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If everything is working correctly, there should be no
                errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing
                for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name and
                a lib64 directory on 64-bit hosts):
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">found ld-linux.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                If the output does not appear as shown above or is not
                received at all, then something is seriously wrong.
                Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the
                problem is and correct it. The most likely reason is that
                something went wrong with the specs file adjustment. Any
                issues will need to be resolved before continuing on with the
                process.
              </p>
              <p>
                Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test
                files:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Finally, move a misplaced file:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gcc" name="contents-gcc"></a>6.17.2. Contents
                of GCC
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">c++, cc (link to gcc), cpp, g++,
                    gcc, gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib, gccbug, and gcov</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libgcc.a, libgcc_eh.a, libgcc_s.so,
                    libgcov.a, libgomp.{a,so}, liblto_plugin.so,
                    libmudflap.{a,so}, libmudflapth.{a,so},
                    libquadmath.{a,so}, libssp.{a,so}, libssp_nonshared.a,
                    libstdc++.{a,so} and libsupc++.a</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/c++, /usr/lib/gcc,
                    /usr/share/gcc-4.7.2</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9740688" name="idp9740688"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="c" name="c"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>c++</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The C++ compiler
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cc" name="cc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The C compiler
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cpp" name="cpp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cpp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to
                          expand the #include, #define, and similar
                          statements in the source files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="g" name="g"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>g++</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The C++ compiler
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gcc" name="gcc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The C compiler
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gcc-ar" name="gcc-ar"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gcc-ar</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper around <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ar</strong></span> that adds a
                          plugin to the command line. This program is only
                          used to add "link time optization" and is not
                          useful with the default build options.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gcc-nm" name="gcc-nm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gcc-nm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper around <span class=
                          "command"><strong>nm</strong></span> that adds a
                          plugin to the command line. This program is only
                          used to add "link time optization" and is not
                          useful with the default build options.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gcc-ranlib" name=
                          "gcc-ranlib"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gcc-ranlib</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper around <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span> that adds
                          a plugin to the command line. This program is only
                          used to add "link time optization" and is not
                          useful with the default build options.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gccbug" name="gccbug"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gccbug</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A shell script used to help create useful bug
                          reports
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gcov" name="gcov"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gcov</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze
                          programs to determine where optimizations will have
                          the most effect
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgcc" name="libgcc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libgcc</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains run-time support for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgcov" name="libgcov"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libgcov</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          This library is linked in to a program when GCC is
                          instructed to enable profiling
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgomp" name="libgomp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libgomp</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          GNU implementation of the OpenMP API for
                          multi-platform shared-memory parallel programming
                          in C/C++ and Fortran
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="liblto_plugin" name=
                          "liblto_plugin"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">liblto_plugin</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          GCC's Link Time Optimization (LTO) plugin allows
                          GCC to perform optimizations across compilation
                          units.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmudflap" name=
                          "libmudflap"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libmudflap</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines that support GCC's bounds
                          checking functionality
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libquadmath" name=
                          "libquadmath"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libquadmath</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          GCC Quad Precision Math Library API
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libssp" name="libssp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libssp</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing
                          protection functionality
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libstdc" name="libstdc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libstdc++</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The standard C++ library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libsupc" name="libsupc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libsupc++</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides supporting routines for the C++
                          programming language
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-sed" name=
                    "ch-system-sed"></a>6.18.&nbsp;Sed-4.2.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Sed package contains a stream editor.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">6.7 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.18.1. Installation of Sed
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Sed for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin --htmldir=/usr/share/doc/sed-4.2.2</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--htmldir</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This sets the directory where the HTML documentation
                      will be installed to.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Generate the HTML documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make html</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the HTML documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C doc install-html</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-sed" name="contents-sed"></a>6.18.2. Contents
                of Sed
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">sed</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/sed-4.2.2</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9856400" name="idp9856400"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sed" name="sed"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sed</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Filters and transforms text files in a single pass
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-bzip2" name=
                    "ch-system-bzip2"></a>6.19.&nbsp;Bzip2-1.0.6
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and
                decompressing files. Compressing text files with <span class=
                "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> yields a much better
                compression percentage than with the traditional <span class=
                "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">6.9 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.19.1. Installation of Bzip2
              </h3>
              <p>
                Apply a patch that will install the documentation for this
                package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.6-install_docs-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The following command ensures installation of symbolic links
                are relative:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Ensure the man pages are installed into the correct location:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
make clean</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make parameter:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-f
                    Makefile-libbz2_so</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different
                      <code class="filename">Makefile</code> file, in this
                      case the <code class=
                      "filename">Makefile-libbz2_so</code> file, which
                      creates a dynamic <code class=
                      "filename">libbz2.so</code> library and links the Bzip2
                      utilities against it.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile and test the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the programs:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make PREFIX=/usr install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the shared <span class=
                "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> binary into the
                <code class="filename">/bin</code> directory, make some
                necessary symbolic links, and clean up:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* /lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 /usr/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v /usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcat</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-bzip2" name="contents-bzip2"></a>6.19.2.
                Contents of Bzip2
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat
                    (link to bzip2), bzcmp (link to bzdiff), bzdiff, bzegrep
                    (link to bzgrep), bzfgrep (link to bzgrep), bzgrep,
                    bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless (link to bzmore), and
                    bzmore</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libbz2.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/bzip2-1.0.6</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9897296" name="idp9897296"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bunzip2" name="bunzip2"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bunzip2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses bzipped files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzcat" name="bzcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses to standard output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzcmp" name="bzcmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzcmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzdiff" name="bzdiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzdiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzegrep" name="bzegrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzegrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzfgrep" name="bzfgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzfgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzgrep" name="bzgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzip2" name="bzip2"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block
                          sorting text compression algorithm with Huffman
                          coding; the compression rate is better than that
                          achieved by more conventional compressors using
                          &ldquo;<span class="quote">Lempel-Ziv</span>&rdquo;
                          algorithms, like <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzip2recover" name=
                          "bzip2recover"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzip2recover</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzless" name="bzless"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzless</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bzmore" name="bzmore"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bzmore</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on bzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libbz2" name="libbz2"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libbz2*</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The library implementing lossless, block-sorting
                          data compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler
                          algorithm
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-pkgconfig" name=
                    "ch-system-pkgconfig"></a>6.20.&nbsp;Pkg-config-0.28
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The pkg-config package contains a tool for passing the
                include path and/or library paths to build tools during the
                configure and make file execution.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">31 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.20.1. Installation of Pkg-config
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Pkg-config for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr         \
            --with-internal-glib  \
            --disable-host-tool   \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.28</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the new configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-internal-glib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This will allow pkg-config to use it's internal version
                      of glib because an external version is not available in
                      LFS.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-host-tool</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option disables the creation of an undesired hard
                      link to the pkg-config program.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-pkgconfig" name=
                "contents-pkgconfig"></a>6.20.2. Contents of Pkg-config
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">pkg-config</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class=
                    "segbody">/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.28</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp9982016" name="idp9982016"></a>Short Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pkgconfig" name="pkgconfig"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pkg-config</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          returns meta information for the specified library
                          or package.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-ncurses" name=
                    "ch-system-ncurses"></a>6.21.&nbsp;Ncurses-5.9
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Ncurses package contains libraries for
                terminal-independent handling of character screens.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.6 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">40 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.21.1. Installation of Ncurses
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr           \
            --mandir=/usr/share/man \
            --with-shared           \
            --without-debug         \
            --enable-pc-files       \
            --enable-widec</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-widec</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g.,
                      <code class="filename">libncursesw.so.5.9</code>) to be
                      built instead of normal ones (e.g., <code class=
                      "filename">libncurses.so.5.9</code>). These
                      wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte
                      and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries
                      work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and
                      normal libraries are source-compatible, but not
                      binary-compatible.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-pc-files</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch generates and installs .pc files for
                      pkg-config.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after
                the package has been installed. The tests reside in the
                <code class="filename">test/</code> directory. See the
                <code class="filename">README</code> file in that directory
                for further details.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Move the shared libraries to the <code class=
                "filename">/lib</code> directory, where they are expected to
                reside:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.5* /lib</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Because the libraries have been moved, one symlink points to
                a non-existent file. Recreate it:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">ln -sfv ../../lib/libncursesw.so.5 /usr/lib/libncursesw.so</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Many applications still expect the linker to be able to find
                non-wide-character Ncurses libraries. Trick such applications
                into linking with wide-character libraries by means of
                symlinks and linker scripts:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do
    rm -vf                    /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
    echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" &gt; /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
    ln -sfv lib${lib}w.a      /usr/lib/lib${lib}.a
    ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc        /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc
done

ln -sfv libncurses++w.a /usr/lib/libncurses++.a</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Finally, make sure that old applications that look for
                <code class="filename">-lcurses</code> at build time are
                still buildable:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -vf                     /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" &gt; /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
ln -sfv libncurses.so      /usr/lib/libcurses.so
ln -sfv libncursesw.a      /usr/lib/libcursesw.a
ln -sfv libncurses.a       /usr/lib/libcurses.a</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, install the Ncurses documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v       /usr/share/doc/ncurses-5.9
cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/doc/ncurses-5.9</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The instructions above don't create non-wide-character
                  Ncurses libraries since no package installed by compiling
                  from sources would link against them at runtime. If you
                  must have such libraries because of some binary-only
                  application or to be compliant with LSB, build the package
                  again with the following commands:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make distclean
./configure --prefix=/usr    \
            --with-shared    \
            --without-normal \
            --without-debug  \
            --without-cxx-binding
make sources libs
cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib</kbd>
</pre>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-ncurses" name="contents-ncurses"></a>6.21.2.
                Contents of Ncurses
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">captoinfo (link to tic), clear,
                    infocmp, infotocap (link to tic), ncursesw5-config, reset
                    (link to tset), tabs, tic, toe, tput, and tset</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libcursesw.{a,so} (symlink and
                    linker script to libncursesw.{a,so}), libformw.{a,so},
                    libmenuw.{a,so}, libncurses++w.a, libncursesw.{a,so},
                    libpanelw.{a,so} and their non-wide-character
                    counterparts without "w" in the library names.</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/tabset,
                    /usr/share/terminfo, /usr/share/doc/ncurses-5.9</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp10033328" name="idp10033328"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="captoinfo" name="captoinfo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>captoinfo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a termcap description into a terminfo
                          description
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="clear" name="clear"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>clear</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Clears the screen, if possible
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="infocmp" name="infocmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>infocmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares or prints out terminfo descriptions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="infotocap" name="infotocap"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>infotocap</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a terminfo description into a termcap
                          description
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ncursesw5-config" name=
                          "ncursesw5-config"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ncursesw5-config</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides configuration information for ncurses
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="reset" name="reset"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>reset</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reinitializes a terminal to its default values
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tabs" name="tabs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tabs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Clears and sets tab stops on a terminal
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tic" name="tic"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tic</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The terminfo entry-description compiler that
                          translates a terminfo file from source format into
                          the binary format needed for the ncurses library
                          routines. A terminfo file contains information on
                          the capabilities of a certain terminal
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="toe" name="toe"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>toe</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists all available terminal types, giving the
                          primary name and description for each
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tput" name="tput"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tput</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Makes the values of terminal-dependent capabilities
                          available to the shell; it can also be used to
                          reset or initialize a terminal or report its long
                          name
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tset" name="tset"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tset</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Can be used to initialize terminals
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libcurses" name="libcurses"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libcurses</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <code class="filename">libncurses</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libncurses" name=
                          "libncurses"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libncurses</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions to display text in many complex
                          ways on a terminal screen; a good example of the
                          use of these functions is the menu displayed during
                          the kernel's <span class="command"><strong>make
                          menuconfig</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libform" name="libform"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libform</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions to implement forms
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmenu" name="libmenu"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libmenu</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions to implement menus
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libpanel" name="libpanel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libpanel</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions to implement panels
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-util-linux" name=
                    "ch-system-util-linux"></a>6.22.&nbsp;Util-linux-2.22.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility
                programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,
                consoles, partitions, and messages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">83 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.22.1. FHS compliance notes
              </h3>
              <p>
                The FHS recommends using the <code class=
                "filename">/var/lib/hwclock</code> directory instead of the
                usual <code class="filename">/etc</code> directory as the
                location for the <code class="filename">adjtime</code> file.
                To make the <span class=
                "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> program
                FHS-compliant, run the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e 's@etc/adjtime@var/lib/hwclock/adjtime@g' \
     $(grep -rl '/etc/adjtime' .)

mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.22.2. Installation of Util-linux
              </h3>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --disable-su --disable-sulogin --disable-login</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-*</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      These switches disable building su, sulogin, and login.
                      They duplicate the same programs provided by <a class=
                      "xref" href="#ch-system-shadow" title=
                      "6.26.&nbsp;Shadow-4.1.5.1">Section&nbsp;6.26,
                      &ldquo;Shadow-4.1.5.1&rdquo;</a> and <a class="xref"
                      href="#ch-system-sysvinit" title=
                      "6.58.&nbsp;Sysvinit-2.88dsf">Section&nbsp;6.58,
                      &ldquo;Sysvinit-2.88dsf&rdquo;</a>. They also require
                      <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/linux-pam.html">
                      Linux-PAM</a> which is not available in LFS.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-utillinux" name=
                "contents-utillinux"></a>6.22.3. Contents of Util-linux
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">addpart, agetty, blkid, blockdev,
                    cal, cfdisk, chcpu, chrt, col, colcrt, colrm, column,
                    ctrlaltdel, cytune, delpart, dmesg, eject, fallocate,
                    fdformat, fdisk, findfs, findmnt, flock, fsck,
                    fsck.cramfs, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, getopt,
                    hexdump, hwclock, i386, ionice, ipcmk, ipcrm, ipcs,
                    isosize, ldattach, linux32, linux64, logger, look,
                    losetup, lsblk, lscpu, lslocks, mcookie, mkfs, mkfs.bfs,
                    mkfs.cramfs, mkfs.minix, mkswap, more, mount, mountpoint,
                    namei, partx, pg, pivot_root, prlimit, raw, readprofile,
                    rename, renice, resizepart, rev, rtcwake, script,
                    scriptreplay, setarch, setsid, setterm, sfdisk,
                    swaplabel, swapoff (link to swapon), swapon, switch_root,
                    tailf, taskset, tunelp, ul, umount, unshare, utmpdump,
                    uuidd, uuidgen, wall, wdctl, whereis, wipefs, and
                    x86_64</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libblkid.{a,so}, libmount.{a,so},
                    libuuid.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/blkid,
                    /usr/include/libmount, /usr/include/uuid,
                    /usr/share/getopt, /var/lib/hwclock</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp10139168" name="idp10139168"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="addpart" name="addpart"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>addpart</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Informs the Linux kernel of new partitions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="agetty" name="agetty"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>agetty</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Opens a tty port, prompts for a login name, and
                          then invokes the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>login</strong></span> program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="blkid" name="blkid"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>blkid</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A command line utility to locate and print block
                          device attributes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="blockdev" name="blockdev"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>blockdev</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Allows users to call block device ioctls from the
                          command line
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cal" name="cal"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cal</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays a simple calendar
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cfdisk" name="cfdisk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cfdisk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Manipulates the partition table of the given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chcpu" name="chcpu"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chcpu</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Modifies the state of CPUs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chrt" name="chrt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chrt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Manipulates real-time attributes of a process
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="col" name="col"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>col</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Filters out reverse line feeds
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="colcrt" name="colcrt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>colcrt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Filters <span class=
                          "command"><strong>nroff</strong></span> output for
                          terminals that lack some capabilities, such as
                          overstriking and half-lines
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="colrm" name="colrm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>colrm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Filters out the given columns
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="column" name="column"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>column</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Formats a given file into multiple columns
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ctrlaltdel" name=
                          "ctrlaltdel"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ctrlaltdel</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets the function of the Ctrl+Alt+Del key
                          combination to a hard or a soft reset
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cytune" name="cytune"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cytune</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tunes the parameters of the serial line drivers for
                          Cyclades cards
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="delpart" name="delpart"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>delpart</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Asks the Linux kernel to remove a partition
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dmesg" name="dmesg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dmesg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps the kernel boot messages
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="eject" name="eject"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>eject</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Ejects removable media
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fallocate" name="fallocate"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fallocate</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Preallocates space to a file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fdformat" name="fdformat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fdformat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Low-level formats a floppy disk
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fdisk" name="fdisk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Manipulates the paritition table of the given
                          device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="findfs" name="findfs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>findfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Finds a file system by label or Universally Unique
                          Identifier (UUID)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="findmnt" name="findmnt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>findmnt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a command line interface to the libmount library
                          for work with mountinfo, fstab and mtab files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="flock" name="flock"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>flock</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Acquires a file lock and then executes a command
                          with the lock held
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck" name="fsck"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to check, and optionally repair, file
                          systems
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck.cramfs" name=
                          "fsck.cramfs"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck.cramfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Performs a consistency check on the Cramfs file
                          system on the given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck.minix" name=
                          "fsck.minix"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck.minix</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Performs a consistency check on the Minix file
                          system on the given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsfreeze" name="fsfreeze"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsfreeze</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a very simple wrapper around FIFREEZE/FITHAW
                          ioctl kernel driver operations
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fstrim" name="fstrim"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fstrim</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Discards unused blocks on a mounted filesystem
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="getopt" name="getopt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>getopt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Parses options in the given command line
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="hexdump" name="hexdump"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>hexdump</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps the given file in hexadecimal or in another
                          given format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="hwclock" name="hwclock"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads or sets the system's hardware clock, also
                          called the Real-Time Clock (RTC) or Basic
                          Input-Output System (BIOS) clock
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="i386" name="i386"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>i386</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A symbolic link to setarch
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ionice" name="ionice"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ionice</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Gets or sets the io scheduling class and priority
                          for a program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ipcmk" name="ipcmk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ipcmk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates various IPC resources
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ipcrm" name="ipcrm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ipcrm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Removes the given Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
                          resource
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ipcs" name="ipcs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ipcs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides IPC status information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="isosize" name="isosize"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>isosize</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the size of an iso9660 file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="kill" name="kill"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>kill</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sends signals to processes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ldattach" name="ldattach"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ldattach</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Attaches a line discipline to a serial line
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="linux32" name="linux32"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>linux32</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A symbolic link to setarch
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="linux64" name="linux64"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>linux64</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A symbolic link to setarch
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="logger" name="logger"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>logger</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Enters the given message into the system log
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="look" name="look"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>look</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays lines that begin with the given string
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="losetup" name="losetup"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>losetup</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets up and controls loop devices
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lsblk" name="lsblk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lsblk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists information about all or selected block
                          devices in a tree-like format.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lscpu" name="lscpu"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lscpu</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints CPU architecture information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lslocks" name="lslocks"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lslocks</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists local system locks
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mcookie" name="mcookie"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mcookie</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates magic cookies (128-bit random hexadecimal
                          numbers) for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>xauth</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs" name="mkfs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Builds a file system on a device (usually a hard
                          disk partition)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.bfs" name="mkfs.bfs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.bfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) bfs file
                          system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.cramfs" name=
                          "mkfs.cramfs"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.cramfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a cramfs file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.minix" name=
                          "mkfs.minix"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.minix</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a Minix file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkswap" name="mkswap"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkswap</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Initializes the given device or file to be used as
                          a swap area
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="more" name="more"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>more</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A filter for paging through text one screen at a
                          time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mount" name="mount"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mount</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Attaches the file system on the given device to a
                          specified directory in the file-system tree
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mountpoint" name=
                          "mountpoint"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mountpoint</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Checks if the directory is a mountpoint
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="namei" name="namei"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>namei</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows the symbolic links in the given pathnames
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="partx" name="partx"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>partx</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tells the kernel about the presence and numbering
                          of on-disk partitions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pg" name="pg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays a text file one screen full at a time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pivot_root" name=
                          "pivot_root"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pivot_root</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Makes the given file system the new root file
                          system of the current process
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="prlimit" name="prlimit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>prlimit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Get and set a process' resource limits
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="raw" name="raw"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>raw</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Bind a Linux raw character device to a block device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="readprofile" name=
                          "readprofile"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>readprofile</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads kernel profiling information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rename" name="rename"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rename</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Renames the given files, replacing a given string
                          with another
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="renice" name="renice"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>renice</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Alters the priority of running processes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="resizepart" name=
                          "resizepart"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>resizepart</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Asks the Linux kernel to resize a partition
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rev" name="rev"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rev</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reverses the lines of a given file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rtcwake" name="rtcwake"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rtcwake</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to enter a system sleep state until specified
                          wakeup time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="script" name="script"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>script</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Makes a typescript of a terminal session
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="scriptreplay" name=
                          "scriptreplay"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>scriptreplay</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Plays back typescripts using timing information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setarch" name="setarch"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setarch</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes reported architecture in a new program
                          environment and sets personality flags
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setsid" name="setsid"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setsid</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs the given program in a new session
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setterm" name="setterm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setterm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets terminal attributes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sfdisk" name="sfdisk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sfdisk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A disk partition table manipulator
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="swaplabel" name="swaplabel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>swaplabel</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Allows to change swaparea UUID and label
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="swapoff" name="swapoff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>swapoff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Disables devices and files for paging and swapping
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="swapon" name="swapon"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>swapon</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Enables devices and files for paging and swapping
                          and lists the devices and files currently in use
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="switch_root" name=
                          "switch_root"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>switch_root</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Switches to another filesystem as the root of the
                          mount tree
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tailf" name="tailf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tailf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tracks the growth of a log file. Displays the last
                          10 lines of a log file, then continues displaying
                          any new entries in the log file as they are created
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="taskset" name="taskset"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>taskset</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Retrieves or sets a process' CPU affinity
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tunelp" name="tunelp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tunelp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tunes the parameters of the line printer
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ul" name="ul"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ul</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A filter for translating underscores into escape
                          sequences indicating underlining for the terminal
                          in use
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="umount" name="umount"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>umount</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Disconnects a file system from the system's file
                          tree
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unshare" name="unshare"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unshare</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a program with some namespaces unshared from
                          parent
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="utmpdump" name="utmpdump"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>utmpdump</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the content of the given login file in a
                          more user-friendly format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="uuidd" name="uuidd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>uuidd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A daemon used by the UUID library to generate
                          time-based UUIDs in a secure and guranteed-unique
                          fashion.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="uuidgen" name="uuidgen"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>uuidgen</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates new UUIDs. Each new UUID can reasonably be
                          considered unique among all UUIDs created, on the
                          local system and on other systems, in the past and
                          in the future
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="wall" name="wall"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>wall</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the contents of a file or, by default, its
                          standard input, on the terminals of all currently
                          logged in users
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="wdctl" name="wdctl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>wdctl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows hardware watchdog status
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="whereis" name="whereis"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>whereis</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the location of the binary, source, and man
                          page for the given command
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="wipefs" name="wipefs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>wipefs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Wipes a filesystem signature from a device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="x86_64" name="x86_64"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>x86_64</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A symbolic link to setarch
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libblkid" name="libblkid"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libblkid</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines for device identification and
                          token extraction
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmount" name="libmount"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libmount</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines for block device mounting and
                          unmounting
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libuuid" name="libuuid"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libuuid</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines for generating unique identifiers
                          for objects that may be accessible beyond the local
                          system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-psmisc" name=
                    "ch-system-psmisc"></a>6.23.&nbsp;Psmisc-22.20
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying
                information about running processes.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">4.2 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.23.1. Installation of Psmisc
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Psmisc for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Finally, move the <span class=
                "command"><strong>killall</strong></span> and <span class=
                "command"><strong>fuser</strong></span> programs to the
                location specified by the FHS:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/fuser   /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/killall /bin</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-psmisc" name="contents-psmisc"></a>6.23.2.
                Contents of Psmisc
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">fuser, killall, peekfd, prtstat,
                    pstree, and pstree.x11 (link to pstree)</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp10581008" name="idp10581008"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fuser" name="fuser"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fuser</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the Process IDs (PIDs) of processes that
                          use the given files or file systems
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="killall" name="killall"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>killall</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Kills processes by name; it sends a signal to all
                          processes running any of the given commands
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="peekfd" name="peekfd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>peekfd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Peek at file descriptors of a running process,
                          given its PID
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="prtstat" name="prtstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>prtstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints information about a process
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pstree" name="pstree"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pstree</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays running processes as a tree
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pstree.x11" name=
                          "pstree.x11"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pstree.x11</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Same as <span class=
                          "command"><strong>pstree</strong></span>, except
                          that it waits for confirmation before exiting
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-procps" name=
                    "ch-system-procps"></a>6.24.&nbsp;Procps-ng-3.3.6
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Procps-ng package contains programs for monitoring
                processes.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">13 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.24.1. Installation of Procps-ng
              </h3>
              <p>
                Now prepare procps-ng for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr                           \
            --exec-prefix=                          \
            --libdir=/usr/lib                       \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.6 \
            --disable-static                        \
            --disable-skill                         \
            --disable-kill</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-skill</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch disables the obsolete and unportable skill
                      and snice commands.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-kill</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch disables building the kill command that was
                      installed in the util-linux package.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The test suite needs some custom modifications for LFS. The
                <span class="command"><strong>which</strong></span> command
                is not available, the <span class=
                "command"><strong>pmap</strong></span> test does not match a
                newline character in two tests, and the <span class=
                "command"><strong>slabtop</strong></span> test may return
                more than 999,999 objects. To run the test suite, run the
                following commands:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">pushd testsuite
  sed -i -e 's|exec which sleep|exec echo /tools/bin/sleep|' \
         -e 's|999999|&amp;9|'                       config/unix.exp
  sed -i -e 's|pmap_initname\\\$|pmap_initname|' pmap.test/pmap.exp
  make site.exp
  DEJAGNU=global-conf.exp runtest
popd</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Finally move the library to a location that can be found if
                <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not mounted.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libprocps.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/libprocps.so.1.1.0 /usr/lib/libprocps.so</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-procps" name="contents-procps"></a>6.24.2.
                Contents of Procps-ng
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">free, pgrep, pkill, pmap, ps, pwdx,
                    slabtop, sysctl, tload, top, uptime, vmstat, w, and,
                    watch</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libprocps.so</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp10640752" name="idp10640752"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="free" name="free"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>free</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the amount of free and used memory (both
                          physical and swap memory) in the system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pgrep" name="pgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Looks up processes based on their name and other
                          attributes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pkill" name="pkill"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pkill</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Signals processes based on their name and other
                          attributes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pmap" name="pmap"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pmap</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the memory map of the given process
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ps" name="ps"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ps</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists the current running processes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pwdx" name="pwdx"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pwdx</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the current working directory of a process
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="slabtop" name="slabtop"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>slabtop</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays detailed kernel slap cache information in
                          real time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sysctl" name="sysctl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sysctl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Modifies kernel parameters at run time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tload" name="tload"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tload</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints a graph of the current system load average
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="top" name="top"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>top</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays a list of the most CPU intensive
                          processes; it provides an ongoing look at processor
                          activity in real time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="uptime" name="uptime"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>uptime</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports how long the system has been running, how
                          many users are logged on, and the system load
                          averages
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vmstat" name="vmstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vmstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports virtual memory statistics, giving
                          information about processes, memory, paging, block
                          Input/Output (IO), traps, and CPU activity
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="w" name="w"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>w</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows which users are currently logged on, where,
                          and since when
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="watch" name="watch"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>watch</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a given command repeatedly, displaying the
                          first screen-full of its output; this allows a user
                          to watch the output change over time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libprocps" name="libprocps"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libproc</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains the functions used by most programs in
                          this package
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-e2fsprogs" name=
                    "ch-system-e2fsprogs"></a>6.25.&nbsp;E2fsprogs-1.42.7
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the
                <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system. It also
                supports the <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> and
                <code class="systemitem">ext4</code> journaling file systems.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.7 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">64 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.25.1. Installation of E2fsprogs
              </h3>
              <p>
                The E2fsprogs documentation recommends that the package be
                built in a subdirectory of the source tree:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare E2fsprogs for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/usr         \
             --with-root-prefix="" \
             --enable-elf-shlibs   \
             --disable-libblkid    \
             --disable-libuuid     \
             --disable-uuidd       \
             --disable-fsck</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-root-prefix=""</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Certain programs (such as the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> program) are
                      considered essential programs. When, for example,
                      <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not mounted,
                      these programs still need to be available. They belong
                      in directories like <code class="filename">/lib</code>
                      and <code class="filename">/sbin</code>. If this option
                      is not passed to E2fsprogs' configure, the programs are
                      installed into the <code class="filename">/usr</code>
                      directory.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-elf-shlibs</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This creates the shared libraries which some programs
                      in this package use.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-*</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This prevents E2fsprogs from building and installing
                      the <code class="systemitem">libuuid</code> and
                      <code class="systemitem">libblkid</code> libraries, the
                      <code class="systemitem">uuidd</code> daemon, and the
                      <span class="command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>
                      wrapper, as Util-Linux installed all of them earlier.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                One of the E2fsprogs tests will attempt to allocate 256 MB of
                memory. If you do not have significantly more RAM than this,
                be sure to enable sufficient swap space for the test. See
                <a class="xref" href="#space-creatingfilesystem" title=
                "2.3.&nbsp;Creating a File System on the Partition">Section&nbsp;2.3,
                &ldquo;Creating a File System on the Partition&rdquo;</a> and
                <a class="xref" href="#space-mounting" title=
                "2.4.&nbsp;Mounting the New Partition">Section&nbsp;2.4,
                &ldquo;Mounting the New Partition&rdquo;</a> for details on
                creating and enabling swap space.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the binaries, documentation, and shared libraries:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the static libraries and headers:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install-libs</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Make the installed static libraries writable so debugging
                symbols can be removed later:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package installs a gzipped <code class=
                "filename">.info</code> file but doesn't update the
                system-wide <code class="filename">dir</code> file. Unzip
                this file and then update the system <code class=
                "filename">dir</code> file using the following commands.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, create and install some additional documentation
                by issuing the following commands:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">makeinfo -o      doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo
install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/info
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/com_err.info</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-e2fsprogs" name=
                "contents-e2fsprogs"></a>6.25.2. Contents of E2fsprogs
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">badblocks, chattr, compile_et,
                    debugfs, dumpe2fs, e2freefrag, e2fsck, e2image,
                    e2initrd_helper, e2label, e2undo, e4defrag, filefrag,
                    fsck.ext2, fsck.ext3, fsck.ext4, fsck.ext4dev, logsave,
                    lsattr, mk_cmds, mke2fs, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.ext3, mkfs.ext4,
                    mkfs.ext4dev, mklost+found, resize2fs, and tune2fs</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libcom_err.{a,so}, libe2p.{a,so},
                    libext2fs.{a,so}, libquota.a and libss.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/e2p, /usr/include/et,
                    /usr/include/ext2fs, /usr/include/quota, /usr/include/ss,
                    /usr/share/et, /usr/share/ss</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp10762688" name="idp10762688"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="badblocks" name="badblocks"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>badblocks</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Searches a device (usually a disk partition) for
                          bad blocks
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chattr" name="chattr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chattr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes the attributes of files on an <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file system; it also
                          changes <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file
                          systems, the journaling version of <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file systems
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="compile_et" name=
                          "compile_et"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>compile_et</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An error table compiler; it converts a table of
                          error-code names and messages into a C source file
                          suitable for use with the <code class=
                          "filename">com_err</code> library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="debugfs" name="debugfs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A file system debugger; it can be used to examine
                          and change the state of an <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dumpe2fs" name="dumpe2fs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dumpe2fs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the super block and blocks group information
                          for the file system present on a given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e2freefrag" name=
                          "e2freefrag"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2freefrag</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports free space fragmentation information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e2fsck" name="e2fsck"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to check, and optionally repair
                          <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file systems
                          and <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file
                          systems
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e2image" name="e2image"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2image</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to save critical <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file system data to a file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e2initrd_helper" name=
                          "e2initrd_helper"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2initrd_helper</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the FS type of a given filesystem, given
                          either a device name or label
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e2label" name="e2label"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2label</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays or changes the file system label on the
                          <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system
                          present on a given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e2undo" name="e2undo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2undo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Replays the undo log undo_log for an ext2/ext3/ext4
                          filesystem found on a device. This can be used to
                          undo a failed operation by an e2fsprogs program.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="e4defrag" name="e4defrag"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>e4defrag</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Online defragmenter for ext4 filesystems
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="filefrag" name="filefrag"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>filefrag</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports on how badly fragmented a particular file
                          might be
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck.ext2" name="fsck.ext2"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck.ext2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default checks <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file systems. This is a
                          hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck.ext3" name="fsck.ext3"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck.ext3</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default checks <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext3</code> file systems. This is a
                          hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck.ext4" name="fsck.ext4"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck.ext4</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default checks <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext4</code> file systems. This is a
                          hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fsck.ext4dev" name=
                          "fsck.ext4dev"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fsck.ext4dev</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default checks <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext4</code> development file systems.
                          This is a hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="logsave" name="logsave"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>logsave</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Saves the output of a command in a log file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lsattr" name="lsattr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lsattr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists the attributes of files on a second extended
                          file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mk_cmds" name="mk_cmds"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mk_cmds</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a table of command names and help messages
                          into a C source file suitable for use with the
                          <code class="filename">libss</code> subsystem
                          library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mke2fs" name="mke2fs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> or
                          <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file system on
                          the given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.ext2" name="mkfs.ext2"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.ext2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default creates <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file systems. This is a
                          hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.ext3" name="mkfs.ext3"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.ext3</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default creates <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext3</code> file systems. This is a
                          hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.ext4" name="mkfs.ext4"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.ext4</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default creates <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext4</code> file systems. This is a
                          hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfs.ext4dev" name=
                          "mkfs.ext4dev"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfs.ext4dev</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          By default creates <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext4</code> development file systems.
                          This is a hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mklost-found" name=
                          "mklost-found"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mklost+found</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to create a <code class=
                          "filename">lost+found</code> directory on an
                          <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system;
                          it pre-allocates disk blocks to this directory to
                          lighten the task of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="resize2fs" name="resize2fs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>resize2fs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Can be used to enlarge or shrink an <code class=
                          "systemitem">ext2</code> file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tune2fs" name="tune2fs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tune2fs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Adjusts tunable file system parameters on an
                          <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libcom_err" name=
                          "libcom_err"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libcom_err</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The common error display routine
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libe2p" name="libe2p"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libe2p</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>dumpe2fs</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>chattr</strong></span>, and
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>lsattr</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libext2fs" name="libext2fs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libext2fs</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains routines to enable user-level programs to
                          manipulate an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code>
                          file system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libquota" name="libquota"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libquota</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides an interface for creating and updating
                          quota files and ext4 superblock fields
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libss" name="libss"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libss</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-shadow" name=
                    "ch-system-shadow"></a>6.26.&nbsp;Shadow-4.1.5.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords
                in a secure way.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">42 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.26.1. Installation of Shadow
              </h3>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
                  refer to <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/cracklib.html">
                  http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/cracklib.html</a>
                  for installing CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add
                  <em class="parameter"><code>--with-libcrack</code></em> to
                  the <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>
                  command below.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Disable the installation of the <span class=
                "command"><strong>groups</strong></span> program and its man
                pages, as Coreutils provides a better version:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                <a id="shadow-login_defs" name=
                "shadow-login_defs"></a>Instead of using the default
                <span class="emphasis"><em>crypt</em></span> method, use the
                more secure <span class="emphasis"><em>SHA-512</em></span>
                method of password encryption, which also allows passwords
                longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
                obsolete <code class="filename">/var/spool/mail</code>
                location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to
                the <code class="filename">/var/mail</code> location used
                currently:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \
       -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the
                  following:
                </p>
                <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' \
    etc/login.defs</kbd>
</pre>
              </div>
              <p>
                Prepare Shadow for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --sysconfdir=/etc</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Move a misplaced program to its proper location:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-shadow" name="conf-shadow"></a>6.26.2.
                Configuring Shadow
              </h3>
              <p>
                This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete
                users and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform
                other administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what
                <span class="emphasis"><em>password shadowing</em></span>
                means, see the <code class="filename">doc/HOWTO</code> file
                within the unpacked source tree. If using Shadow support,
                keep in mind that programs which need to verify passwords
                (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be
                Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with
                shadowed passwords.
              </p>
              <p>
                To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">pwconv</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To enable shadowed group passwords, run:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grpconv</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Shadow's stock configuration for the <span class=
                "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> utility has a few
                caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action
                for the <span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>
                utility is to create the user and a group of the same name as
                the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID)
                numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass
                parameters to <span class=
                "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, each user will be
                a member of a unique group on the system. If this behaviour
                is undesirable, you'll need to pass the <em class=
                "parameter"><code>-g</code></em> parameter to <span class=
                "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>. The default
                parameters are stored in the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/default/useradd</code> file. You may need to
                modify two parameters in this file to suit your particular
                needs.
              </p>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b><code class="filename">/etc/default/useradd</code>
                  Parameter Explanations</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>GROUP=1000</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers
                      used in the /etc/group file. You can modify it to
                      anything you desire. Note that <span class=
                      "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will never
                      reuse a UID or GID. If the number identified in this
                      parameter is used, it will use the next available
                      number after this. Note also that if you don't have a
                      group 1000 on your system the first time you use
                      <span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>
                      without the <em class="parameter"><code>-g</code></em>
                      parameter, you'll get a message displayed on the
                      terminal that says: <code class=
                      "computeroutput">useradd: unknown GID 1000</code>. You
                      may disregard this message and group number 1000 will
                      be used.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This parameter causes <span class=
                      "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> to create a
                      mailbox file for the newly created user. <span class=
                      "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will make the
                      group ownership of this file to the <code class=
                      "systemitem">mail</code> group with 0660 permissions.
                      If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not
                      created by <span class=
                      "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, issue the
                      following command:
                    </p>
                    <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</kbd>
</pre>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.26.3. Setting the root password
              </h3>
              <p>
                Choose a password for user <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>root</em></span> and set it by running:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">passwd root</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-shadow" name="contents-shadow"></a>6.26.4.
                Contents of Shadow
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd,
                    chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel,
                    groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog,
                    login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck,
                    pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd,
                    userdel, usermod, vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/etc/default</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11009904" name="idp11009904"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chage" name="chage"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chage</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to change the maximum number of days between
                          obligatory password changes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chfn" name="chfn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chfn</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to change a user's full name and other
                          information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chgpasswd" name="chgpasswd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chgpasswd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to update group passwords in batch mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chpasswd" name="chpasswd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chpasswd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to update user passwords in batch mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chsh" name="chsh"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chsh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to change a user's default login shell
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="expiry" name="expiry"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>expiry</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Checks and enforces the current password expiration
                          policy
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="faillog" name="faillog"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>faillog</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to examine the log of login failures, to
                          set a maximum number of failures before an account
                          is blocked, or to reset the failure count
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gpasswd" name="gpasswd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gpasswd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to add and delete members and
                          administrators to groups
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groupadd" name="groupadd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groupadd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a group with the given name
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groupdel" name="groupdel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groupdel</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Deletes the group with the given name
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groupmems" name="groupmems"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groupmems</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Allows a user to administer his/her own group
                          membership list without the requirement of super
                          user privileges.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groupmod" name="groupmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groupmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to modify the given group's name or GID
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grpck" name="grpck"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grpck</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Verifies the integrity of the group files
                          <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> and
                          <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grpconv" name="grpconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grpconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates or updates the shadow group file from the
                          normal group file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grpunconv" name="grpunconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grpunconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Updates <code class="filename">/etc/group</code>
                          from <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> and
                          then deletes the latter
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lastlog" name="lastlog"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lastlog</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
                          given user
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="login" name="login"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>login</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used by the system to let users sign on
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="logoutd" name="logoutd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>logoutd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on
                          time and ports
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="newgrp" name="newgrp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>newgrp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to change the current GID during a login
                          session
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="newusers" name="newusers"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>newusers</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to create or update an entire series of
                          user accounts
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nologin" name="nologin"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nologin</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays a message that an account is not
                          available. Designed to be used as the default shell
                          for accounts that have been disabled
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="passwd" name="passwd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>passwd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to change the password for a user or group
                          account
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pwck" name="pwck"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pwck</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Verifies the integrity of the password files
                          <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and
                          <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pwconv" name="pwconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pwconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates or updates the shadow password file from
                          the normal password file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pwunconv" name="pwunconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pwunconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Updates <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
                          from <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> and
                          then deletes the latter
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sg" name="sg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Executes a given command while the user's GID is
                          set to that of the given group
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="su" name="su"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>su</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="useradd" name="useradd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a new user with the given name, or updates
                          the default new-user information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="userdel" name="userdel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>userdel</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Deletes the given user account
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="usermod" name="usermod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>usermod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
                          Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home
                          directory, etc.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vigr" name="vigr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vigr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code>
                          or <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vipw" name="vipw"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vipw</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
                          or <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-coreutils" name=
                    "ch-system-coreutils"></a>6.27.&nbsp;Coreutils-8.21
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and
                setting the basic system characteristics.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">3.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">116 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.27.1. Installation of Coreutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize
                character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The
                following patch fixes this non-compliance and other
                internationalization-related bugs:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-8.21-i18n-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When
                  reporting new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check
                  first if they are reproducible without this patch.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \
            --prefix=/usr         \
            --libexecdir=/usr/lib \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The purpose of this switch is to prevent Coreutils from
                      installing binaries that will be installed by other
                      packages later.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Skip down to &ldquo;<span class="quote">Install the
                package</span>&rdquo; if not running the test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests
                that are meant to be run as user <code class=
                "systemitem">root</code>:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the
                <code class="systemitem">nobody</code> user. Certain tests,
                however, require that the user be a member of more than one
                group. So that these tests are not skipped we'll add a
                temporary group and make the user <code class=
                "systemitem">nobody</code> a part of it:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" &gt;&gt; /etc/group</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can
                compile and run the tests:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody . </kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now run the tests. Make sure the PATH in the <strong class=
                "userinput"><code>su</code></strong> environment includes
                /tools/bin.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">su nobody -s /bin/bash \
          -c "PATH=$PATH make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Remove the temporary group:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{false,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,rm} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname,test,[} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin
mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i s/\"1\"/\"8\"/1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
                <span class="command"><strong>head</strong></span>,
                <span class="command"><strong>sleep</strong></span>, and
                <span class="command"><strong>nice</strong></span>. As
                <code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available
                during the early stages of booting, those binaries need to be
                on the root partition:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep,nice} /bin</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-coreutils" name=
                "contents-coreutils"></a>6.27.2. Contents of Coreutils
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">[, base64, basename, cat, chcon,
                    chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm, cp, csplit,
                    cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo,
                    env, expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups,
                    head, hostid, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls,
                    md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp, mv, nice, nl,
                    nohup, nproc, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, pr, printenv,
                    printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, realpath, rm, rmdir, runcon,
                    seq, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum,
                    shred, shuf, sleep, sort, split, stat, stdbuf, stty, sum,
                    sync, tac, tail, tee, test, timeout, touch, tr, true,
                    truncate, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink,
                    users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libstdbuf.so</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/libexec/coreutils</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11207440" name="idp11207440"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="base64" name="base64"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>base64</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Encodes and decodes data according to the base64
                          (RFC 3548) specification
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="basename" name="basename"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>basename</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cat" name="cat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Concatenates files to standard output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chcon" name="chcon"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chcon</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes security context for files and directories
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chgrp" name="chgrp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chgrp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes the group ownership of files and
                          directories
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chmod" name="chmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes the permissions of each file to the given
                          mode; the mode can be either a symbolic
                          representation of the changes to make or an octal
                          number representing the new permissions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chown" name="chown"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chown</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes the user and/or group ownership of files
                          and directories
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chroot" name="chroot"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a command with the specified directory as the
                          <code class="filename">/</code> directory
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cksum" name="cksum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cksum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum
                          and the byte counts of each specified file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="comm" name="comm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>comm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares two sorted files, outputting in three
                          columns the lines that are unique and the lines
                          that are common
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cp" name="cp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Copies files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="csplit" name="csplit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>csplit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Splits a given file into several new files,
                          separating them according to given patterns or line
                          numbers and outputting the byte count of each new
                          file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cut" name="cut"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cut</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts
                          according to given fields or positions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="date" name="date"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>date</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the current time in the given format, or
                          sets the system date
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dd" name="dd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Copies a file using the given block size and count,
                          while optionally performing conversions on it
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="df" name="df"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>df</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the amount of disk space available (and
                          used) on all mounted file systems, or only on the
                          file systems holding the selected files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dir" name="dir"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dir</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists the contents of each given directory (the
                          same as the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ls</strong></span> command)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dircolors" name="dircolors"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dircolors</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Outputs commands to set the <code class=
                          "envar">LS_COLOR</code> environment variable to
                          change the color scheme used by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ls</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dirname" name="dirname"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dirname</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="du" name="du"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>du</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the amount of disk space used by the
                          current directory, by each of the given directories
                          (including all subdirectories) or by each of the
                          given files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="echo" name="echo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>echo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the given strings
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="env" name="env"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>env</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a command in a modified environment
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="expand" name="expand"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>expand</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts tabs to spaces
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="expr" name="expr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>expr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Evaluates expressions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="factor" name="factor"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>factor</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the prime factors of all specified integer
                          numbers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="false" name="false"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>false</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with
                          a status code indicating failure
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fmt" name="fmt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fmt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reformats the paragraphs in the given files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fold" name="fold"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fold</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Wraps the lines in the given files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groups" name="groups"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groups</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports a user's group memberships
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="head" name="head"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>head</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of
                          lines) of each given file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="hostid" name="hostid"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>hostid</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of
                          the host
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="id" name="id"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>id</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group
                          memberships of the current user or specified user
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="install" name="install"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>install</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Copies files while setting their permission modes
                          and, if possible, their owner and group
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="join" name="join"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>join</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Joins the lines that have identical join fields
                          from two separate files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="link" name="link"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>link</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a hard link with the given name to a file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ln" name="ln"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ln</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="logname" name="logname"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>logname</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the current user's login name
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ls" name="ls"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ls</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists the contents of each given directory
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="md5sum" name="md5sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>md5sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkdir" name="mkdir"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkdir</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates directories with the given names
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkfifo" name="mkfifo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkfifo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a
                          &ldquo;<span class="quote">named pipe</span>&rdquo;
                          in UNIX parlance, with the given names
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mknod" name="mknod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mknod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates device nodes with the given names; a device
                          node is a character special file, a block special
                          file, or a FIFO
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mktemp" name="mktemp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mktemp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates temporary files in a secure manner; it is
                          used in scripts
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mv" name="mv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Moves or renames files or directories
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nice" name="nice"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nice</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a program with modified scheduling priority
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nl" name="nl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Numbers the lines from the given files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nohup" name="nohup"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nohup</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output
                          redirected to a log file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nproc" name="nproc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nproc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the number of processing units available to
                          a process
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="od" name="od"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>od</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps files in octal and other formats
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="paste" name="paste"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>paste</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Merges the given files, joining sequentially
                          corresponding lines side by side, separated by tab
                          characters
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pathchk" name="pathchk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pathchk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Checks if file names are valid or portable
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pinky" name="pinky"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pinky</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some
                          information about the given users
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pr" name="pr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Paginates and columnates files for printing
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="printenv" name="printenv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>printenv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the environment
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="printf" name="printf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>printf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the given arguments according to the given
                          format, much like the C printf function
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ptx" name="ptx"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ptx</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Produces a permuted index from the contents of the
                          given files, with each keyword in its context
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pwd" name="pwd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pwd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the name of the current working directory
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="readlink" name="readlink"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>readlink</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the value of the given symbolic link
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="realpath" name="realpath"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>realpath</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the resolved path
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rm" name="rm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Removes files or directories
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rmdir" name="rmdir"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rmdir</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Removes directories if they are empty
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="runcon" name="runcon"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>runcon</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a command with specified security context
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="seq" name="seq"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>seq</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range
                          and with a given increment
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sha1sum" name="sha1sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sha1sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1
                          (SHA1) checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sha224sum" name="sha224sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sha224sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
                          checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sha256sum" name="sha256sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sha256sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
                          checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sha384sum" name="sha384sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sha384sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
                          checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sha512sum" name="sha512sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sha512sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
                          checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="shred" name="shred"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>shred</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex
                          patterns, making it difficult to recover the data
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="shuf" name="shuf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>shuf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shuffles lines of text
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sleep" name="sleep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sleep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Pauses for the given amount of time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sort" name="sort"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sort</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sorts the lines from the given files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="split" name="split"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>split</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by
                          number of lines
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="stat" name="stat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>stat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays file or filesystem status
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="stdbuf" name="stdbuf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs commands with altered buffering operations for
                          its standard streams
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="stty" name="stty"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>stty</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets or reports terminal line settings
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sum" name="sum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints checksum and block counts for each given
                          file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sync" name="sync"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sync</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed
                          blocks to disk and updates the super block
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tac" name="tac"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tac</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Concatenates the given files in reverse
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tail" name="tail"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tail</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of
                          lines) of each given file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tee" name="tee"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tee</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads from standard input while writing both to
                          standard output and to the given files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="test" name="test"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>test</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares values and checks file types
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="timeout" name="timeout"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>timeout</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a command with a time limit
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="touch" name="touch"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>touch</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes file timestamps, setting the access and
                          modification times of the given files to the
                          current time; files that do not exist are created
                          with zero length
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tr" name="tr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given
                          characters from standard input
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="true" name="true"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>true</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a
                          status code indicating success
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="truncate" name="truncate"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>truncate</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shrinks or expands a file to the specified size
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tsort" name="tsort"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tsort</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely
                          ordered list according to the partial ordering in a
                          given file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tty" name="tty"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tty</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the file name of the terminal connected to
                          standard input
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="uname" name="uname"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>uname</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports system information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unexpand" name="unexpand"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unexpand</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts spaces to tabs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="uniq" name="uniq"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>uniq</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Discards all but one of successive identical lines
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unlink" name="unlink"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unlink</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Removes the given file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="users" name="users"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>users</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the names of the users currently logged on
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vdir" name="vdir"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vdir</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is the same as <span class="command"><strong>ls
                          -l</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="wc" name="wc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>wc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for
                          each given file, as well as a total line when more
                          than one file is given
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="who" name="who"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>who</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports who is logged on
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="whoami" name="whoami"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>whoami</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the user name associated with the current
                          effective user ID
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="yes" name="yes"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>yes</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Repeatedly outputs &ldquo;<span class=
                          "quote">y</span>&rdquo; or a given string until
                          killed
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libstdbuf" name="libstdbuf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libstdbuf.so</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Library used by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-iana-etc" name=
                    "ch-system-iana-etc"></a>6.28.&nbsp;Iana-Etc-2.30
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and
                protocols.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">2.2 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.28.1. Installation of Iana-Etc
              </h3>
              <p>
                The following command converts the raw data provided by IANA
                into the correct formats for the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/protocols</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/etc/services</code> data files:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-iana-etc" name=
                "contents-iana-etc"></a>6.28.2. Contents of Iana-Etc
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/etc/protocols and
                    /etc/services</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11669648" name="idp11669648"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="protocols" name="protocols"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/etc/protocols</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Describes the various DARPA Internet protocols that
                          are available from the TCP/IP subsystem
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="services" name="services"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/etc/services</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides a mapping between friendly textual names
                          for internet services, and their underlying
                          assigned port numbers and protocol types
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-m4" name=
                    "ch-system-m4"></a>6.29.&nbsp;M4-1.4.16
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The M4 package contains a macro processor.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">26.6 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.29.1. Installation of M4
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' lib/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare M4 for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, first fix a test program and then run
                the test programs:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -e '41s/ENOENT/&amp; || errno == EINVAL/' tests/test-readlink.h
make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-m4" name="contents-m4"></a>6.29.2. Contents
                of M4
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">m4</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11701024" name="idp11701024"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="m4" name="m4"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>m4</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          copies the given files while expanding the macros
                          that they contain. These macros are either built-in
                          or user-defined and can take any number of
                          arguments. Besides performing macro expansion,
                          <span class="command"><strong>m4</strong></span>
                          has built-in functions for including named files,
                          running Unix commands, performing integer
                          arithmetic, manipulating text, recursion, etc. The
                          <span class="command"><strong>m4</strong></span>
                          program can be used either as a front-end to a
                          compiler or as a macro processor in its own right.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-bison" name=
                    "ch-system-bison"></a>6.30.&nbsp;Bison-2.7
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Bison package contains a parser generator.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.3 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">34 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.30.1. Installation of Bison
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Bison for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The configure system causes Bison to be built without support
                for internationalization of error messages if a <span class=
                "command"><strong>bison</strong></span> program is not
                already in $PATH. The following addition will correct this:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' &gt;&gt; lib/config.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-bison" name="contents-bison"></a>6.30.2.
                Contents of Bison
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">bison and yacc</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">liby.a</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/bison</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11732400" name="idp11732400"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bison" name="bison"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bison</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates, from a series of rules, a program for
                          analyzing the structure of text files; Bison is a
                          replacement for Yacc (Yet Another Compiler
                          Compiler)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="yacc" name="yacc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>yacc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>bison</strong></span>, meant for
                          programs that still call <span class=
                          "command"><strong>yacc</strong></span> instead of
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>bison</strong></span>; it calls
                          <span class="command"><strong>bison</strong></span>
                          with the <em class="parameter"><code>-y</code></em>
                          option
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="liby.a" name="liby.a"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">liby.a</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Yacc library containing implementations of
                          Yacc-compatible <code class=
                          "function">yyerror</code> and <code class=
                          "function">main</code> functions; this library is
                          normally not very useful, but POSIX requires it
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-grep" name=
                    "ch-system-grep"></a>6.31.&nbsp;Grep-2.14
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Grep package contains programs for searching through
                files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">30 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.31.1. Installation of Grep
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Grep for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-grep" name="contents-grep"></a>6.31.2.
                Contents of Grep
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">egrep, fgrep, and grep</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11771488" name="idp11771488"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="egrep" name="egrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints lines matching an extended regular
                          expression
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fgrep" name="fgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints lines matching a list of fixed strings
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grep" name="grep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints lines matching a basic regular expression
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-readline" name=
                    "ch-system-readline"></a>6.32.&nbsp;Readline-6.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers
                command-line editing and history capabilities.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">17.2 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.32.1. Installation of Readline
              </h3>
              <p>
                Reinstalling Readline will cause the old libraries to be
                moved to &lt;libraryname&gt;.old. While this is normally not
                a problem, in some cases it can trigger a linking bug in
                <span class="command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span>. This
                can be avoided by issuing the following two seds:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in
sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Apply a patch to fix a known bug that has been fixed
                upstream:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../readline-6.2-fixes-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Readline for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --libdir=/lib</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make SHLIB_LIBS=-lncurses</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>SHLIB_LIBS=-lncurses</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option forces Readline to link against the
                      <code class="filename">libncurses</code> (really,
                      <code class="filename">libncursesw</code>) library.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now move the static libraries to a more appropriate location:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /lib/lib{readline,history}.a /usr/lib</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Next, remove the <code class="filename">.so</code> files in
                <code class="filename">/lib</code> and relink them into
                <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code>:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v /lib/lib{readline,history}.so
ln -sfv ../../lib/libreadline.so.6 /usr/lib/libreadline.so
ln -sfv ../../lib/libhistory.so.6 /usr/lib/libhistory.so</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, install the documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir   -v       /usr/share/doc/readline-6.2
install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} \
                 /usr/share/doc/readline-6.2</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-readline" name=
                "contents-readline"></a>6.32.2. Contents of Readline
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libhistory.{a,so}, and
                    libreadline.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/readline,
                    /usr/share/readline, /usr/share/doc/readline-6.2</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11822976" name="idp11822976"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libhistory" name=
                          "libhistory"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libhistory</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides a consistent user interface for recalling
                          lines of history
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libreadline" name=
                          "libreadline"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libreadline</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Aids in the consistency of user interface across
                          discrete programs that need to provide a command
                          line interface
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-bash" name=
                    "ch-system-bash"></a>6.33.&nbsp;Bash-4.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.7 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">45 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.33.1. Installation of Bash
              </h3>
              <p>
                First, apply the following patch to fix various bugs that
                have been addressed upstream:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bash-4.2-fixes-11.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Bash for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr                     \
            --bindir=/bin                     \
            --htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
            --without-bash-malloc             \
            --with-installed-readline</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--htmldir</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option designates the directory into which HTML
                      formatted documentation will be installed.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-installed-readline</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option tells Bash to use the <code class=
                      "filename">readline</code> library that is already
                      installed on the system rather than using its own
                      readline version.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Skip down to &ldquo;<span class="quote">Install the
                package</span>&rdquo; if not running the test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                To prepare the tests, ensure that the <code class=
                "systemitem">nobody</code> user can write to the sources
                tree:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now, run the tests as the <code class=
                "systemitem">nobody</code> user:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make tests"</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Run the newly compiled <span class=
                "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> program (replacing the
                one that is currently being executed):
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">exec /bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The parameters used make the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> process an
                  interactive login shell and continue to disable hashing so
                  that new programs are found as they become available.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-bash" name="contents-bash"></a>6.33.2.
                Contents of Bash
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">bash, bashbug, and sh (link to
                    bash)</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11870880" name="idp11870880"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bash" name="bash"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bash</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A widely-used command interpreter; it performs many
                          types of expansions and substitutions on a given
                          command line before executing it, thus making this
                          interpreter a powerful tool
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bashbug" name="bashbug"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bashbug</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A shell script to help the user compose and mail
                          standard formatted bug reports concerning
                          <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sh" name="sh"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A symlink to the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> program;
                          when invoked as <span class=
                          "command"><strong>sh</strong></span>, <span class=
                          "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> tries to
                          mimic the startup behavior of historical versions
                          of <span class="command"><strong>sh</strong></span>
                          as closely as possible, while conforming to the
                          POSIX standard as well
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-libtool" name=
                    "ch-system-libtool"></a>6.34.&nbsp;Libtool-2.4.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support
                script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in
                a consistent, portable interface.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">3.0 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">37 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.34.1. Installation of Libtool
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Libtool for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results (about 3.0 SBU), issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-libtool" name="contents-libtool"></a>6.34.2.
                Contents of Libtool
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libtool and libtoolize</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libltdl.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/libltdl,
                    /usr/share/libtool</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11909856" name="idp11909856"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libtool" name="libtool"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>libtool</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides generalized library-building support
                          services
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libtoolize" name=
                          "libtoolize"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>libtoolize</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides a standard way to add <span class=
                          "command"><strong>libtool</strong></span> support
                          to a package
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libltdl" name="libltdl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libltdl</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Hides the various difficulties of dlopening
                          libraries
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-gdbm" name=
                    "ch-system-gdbm"></a>6.35.&nbsp;GDBM-1.10
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. This is a
                disk file format database which stores key/data-pairs in
                single files. The actual data of any record being stored is
                indexed by a unique key, which can be retrieved in less time
                than if it was stored in a text file.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">8.5 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.35.1. Installation of GDBM
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare GDBM for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-libgdbm-compat</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><code class=
                    "envar">--enable-libgdbm-compat</code></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch enables the libgdbm compatibility library
                      to be built, as some packages outside of LFS may
                      require the older DBM routines it provides.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gdbm" name="contents-gdbm"></a>6.35.2.
                Contents of GDBM
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">testgdbm</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libgdbm.{so,a} and
                    libgdbm_compat.{so,a}</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11948480" name="idp11948480"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="testgdbm" name="testgdbm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>testgdbm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tests and modifies a GDBM database
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgdbm" name="libgdbm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libgdbm</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains functions to manipulate a hashed database
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-inetutils" name=
                    "ch-system-inetutils"></a>6.36.&nbsp;Inetutils-1.9.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">27 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.36.1. Installation of Inetutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' lib/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Inetutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr  \
    --libexecdir=/usr/sbin \
    --localstatedir=/var   \
    --disable-ifconfig     \
    --disable-logger       \
    --disable-syslogd      \
    --disable-whois        \
    --disable-servers</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-ifconfig</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option prevents Inetutils from installing the
                      <span class="command"><strong>ifconfig</strong></span>
                      program, which can be used to configure network
                      interfaces. LFS uses <span class=
                      "command"><strong>ip</strong></span> from IPRoute2 to
                      perform this task.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-logger</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option prevents Inetutils from installing the
                      <span class="command"><strong>logger</strong></span>
                      program, which is used by scripts to pass messages to
                      the System Log Daemon. Do not install it because
                      Util-linux installed a version earlier.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-syslogd</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option prevents Inetutils from installing the
                      System Log Daemon, which is installed with the Sysklogd
                      package.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-whois</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option disables the building of the Inetutils
                      <span class="command"><strong>whois</strong></span>
                      client, which is out of date. Instructions for a better
                      <span class="command"><strong>whois</strong></span>
                      client are in the BLFS book.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-servers</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This disables the installation of the various network
                      servers included as part of the Inetutils package.
                      These servers are deemed not appropriate in a basic LFS
                      system. Some are insecure by nature and are only
                      considered safe on trusted networks. More information
                      can be found at <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/basicnet/inetutils.html">
                      http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/basicnet/inetutils.html</a>.
                      Note that better replacements are available for many of
                      these servers.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Move some programs so they are available if <code class=
                "filename">/usr</code> is not accessible:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mv -v /usr/bin/{hostname,ping,ping6,traceroute} /bin</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-inetutils" name=
                "contents-inetutils"></a>6.36.2. Contents of Inetutils
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">ftp, hostname, ping, ping6, rcp,
                    rexec, rlogin, rsh, talk, telnet, tftp, and
                    traceroute</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp11999344" name="idp11999344"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ftp" name="ftp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ftp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is the file transfer protocol program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="hostname" name="hostname"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>hostname</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports or sets the name of the host
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ping" name="ping"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ping</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sends echo-request packets and reports how long the
                          replies take
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ping6" name="ping6"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ping6</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A version of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ping</strong></span> for IPv6
                          networks
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rcp" name="rcp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rcp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Performs remote file copy
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rexec" name="rexec"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rexec</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          executes commands on a remote host
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rlogin" name="rlogin"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rlogin</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Performs remote login
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rsh" name="rsh"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rsh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs a remote shell
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="talk" name="talk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>talk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to chat with another user
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="telnet" name="telnet"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>telnet</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An interface to the TELNET protocol
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tftp" name="tftp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tftp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A trivial file transfer program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="traceroute" name=
                          "traceroute"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>traceroute</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Traces the route your packets take from the host
                          you are working on to another host on a network,
                          showing all the intermediate hops (gateways) along
                          the way
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-perl" name=
                    "ch-system-perl"></a>6.37.&nbsp;Perl-5.16.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report
                Language.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">7.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">247 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.37.1. Installation of Perl
              </h3>
              <p>
                First create a basic <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code>
                file to be referenced in one of Perl's configuration files as
                well as the optional test suite:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" &gt; /etc/hosts</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This version of Perl now builds the Compress::Raw::Zlib
                module. By default Perl will use an internal copy of the Zlib
                source for the build. Issue the following command so that
                Perl will use the Zlib library installed on the system:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -e "s|BUILD_ZLIB\s*= True|BUILD_ZLIB = False|"           \
       -e "s|INCLUDE\s*= ./zlib-src|INCLUDE    = /usr/include|" \
       -e "s|LIB\s*= ./zlib-src|LIB        = /usr/lib|"         \
    cpan/Compress-Raw-Zlib/config.in</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To have full control over the way Perl is set up, you can
                remove the &ldquo;<span class="quote">-des</span>&rdquo;
                options from the following command and hand-pick the way this
                package is built. Alternatively, use the command exactly as
                below to use the defaults that Perl auto-detects:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr                 \
                  -Dvendorprefix=/usr           \
                  -Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 \
                  -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3 \
                  -Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR"  \
                  -Duseshrplib</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>-Dvendorprefix=/usr</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This ensures <span class=
                      "command"><strong>perl</strong></span> knows how to
                      tell packages where they should install their perl
                      modules.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>-Dpager="/usr/bin/less
                    -isR"</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This corrects an error in the way that <span class=
                      "command"><strong>perldoc</strong></span> invokes the
                      <span class="command"><strong>less</strong></span>
                      program.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1
                    -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Since Groff is not installed yet, <span class=
                      "command"><strong>Configure</strong></span> thinks that
                      we do not want man pages for Perl. Issuing these
                      parameters overrides this decision.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>-Duseshrplib</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Build a shared libperl needed by some perl modules.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results (approximately 2.5 SBU), issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -k test</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-perl" name="contents-perl"></a>6.37.2.
                Contents of Perl
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">a2p, c2ph, config_data, corelist,
                    cpan, cpan2dist, cpanp, cpanp-run-perl, enc2xs,
                    find2perl, h2ph, h2xs, instmodsh, json_pp, libnetcfg,
                    perl, perl5.16.2 (link to perl), perlbug, perldoc,
                    perlivp, perlthanks (link to perlbug), piconv, pl2pm,
                    pod2html, pod2latex, pod2man, pod2text, pod2usage,
                    podchecker, podselect, prove, psed (link to s2p), pstruct
                    (link to c2ph), ptar, ptardiff, ptargrep, s2p, shasum,
                    splain, xsubpp, and zipdetails</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">Several hundred which cannot all be
                    listed here</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/perl5</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12092704" name="idp12092704"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="a2p" name="a2p"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>a2p</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates awk to Perl
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="c2ph" name="c2ph"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>c2ph</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps C structures as generated from <span class=
                          "command"><strong>cc -g -S</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="config_data" name=
                          "config_data"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>config_data</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Queries or changes configuration of Perl modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="corelist" name="corelist"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>corelist</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A commandline frontend to Module::CoreList
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cpan" name="cpan"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cpan</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Interact with the Comprehensive Perl Archive
                          Network (CPAN) from the command line
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cpan2dist" name="cpan2dist"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cpan2dist</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The CPANPLUS distribution creator
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cpanp" name="cpanp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cpanp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The CPANPLUS launcher
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cpanp-run-perl" name=
                          "cpanp-run-perl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class="command"><strong>cpanp-run-perl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Perl script that is used to enable flushing of the
                          output buffer after each write in spawned processes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="enc2xs" name="enc2xs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>enc2xs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Builds a Perl extension for the Encode module from
                          either Unicode Character Mappings or Tcl Encoding
                          Files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="find2perl" name="find2perl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>find2perl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates <span class=
                          "command"><strong>find</strong></span> commands to
                          Perl
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="h2ph" name="h2ph"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>h2ph</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts <code class="filename">.h</code> C header
                          files to <code class="filename">.ph</code> Perl
                          header files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="h2xs" name="h2xs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>h2xs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts <code class="filename">.h</code> C header
                          files to Perl extensions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="instmodsh" name="instmodsh"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>instmodsh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shell script for examining installed Perl modules,
                          and can even create a tarball from an installed
                          module
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="json_pp" name="json_pp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>json_pp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts data between certain input and output
                          formats
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libnetcfg" name="libnetcfg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>libnetcfg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Can be used to configure the <code class=
                          "filename">libnet</code> Perl module
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="perl" name="perl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>perl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Combines some of the best features of C,
                          <span class="command"><strong>sed</strong></span>,
                          <span class="command"><strong>awk</strong></span>
                          and <span class=
                          "command"><strong>sh</strong></span> into a single
                          swiss-army language
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="perl-version" name=
                          "perl-version"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>perl5.16.2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>perl</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="perlbug" name="perlbug"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>perlbug</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to generate bug reports about Perl, or the
                          modules that come with it, and mail them
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="perldoc" name="perldoc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>perldoc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays a piece of documentation in pod format
                          that is embedded in the Perl installation tree or
                          in a Perl script
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="perlivp" name="perlivp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>perlivp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The Perl Installation Verification Procedure; it
                          can be used to verify that Perl and its libraries
                          have been installed correctly
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="perlthanks" name=
                          "perlthanks"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>perlthanks</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to generate thank you messages to mail to the
                          Perl developers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="piconv" name="piconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>piconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A Perl version of the character encoding converter
                          <span class="command"><strong>iconv</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pl2pm" name="pl2pm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pl2pm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A rough tool for converting Perl4 <code class=
                          "filename">.pl</code> files to Perl5 <code class=
                          "filename">.pm</code> modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pod2html" name="pod2html"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pod2html</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts files from pod format to HTML format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pod2latex" name="pod2latex"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pod2latex</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts files from pod format to LaTeX format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pod2man" name="pod2man"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pod2man</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts pod data to formatted *roff input
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pod2text" name="pod2text"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pod2text</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts pod data to formatted ASCII text
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pod2usage" name="pod2usage"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pod2usage</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints usage messages from embedded pod docs in
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="podchecker" name=
                          "podchecker"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>podchecker</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Checks the syntax of pod format documentation files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="podselect" name="podselect"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>podselect</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays selected sections of pod documentation
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="prove" name="prove"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>prove</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Command line tool for running tests against the
                          Test::Harness module.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="psed" name="psed"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>psed</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A Perl version of the stream editor <span class=
                          "command"><strong>sed</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pstruct" name="pstruct"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pstruct</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps C structures as generated from <span class=
                          "command"><strong>cc -g -S</strong></span> stabs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ptar" name="ptar"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ptar</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A <span class=
                          "command"><strong>tar</strong></span>-like program
                          written in Perl
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ptardiff" name="ptardiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ptardiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A Perl program that compares an extracted archive
                          with an unextracted one
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ptargrep" name="ptargrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ptargrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A Perl program that applies pattern matching to the
                          contents of files in a tar archive
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="s2p" name="s2p"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>s2p</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates <span class=
                          "command"><strong>sed</strong></span> scripts to
                          Perl
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="shasum" name="shasum"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>shasum</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints or checks SHA checksums
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="splain" name="splain"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>splain</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is used to force verbose warning diagnostics in
                          Perl
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xsubpp" name="xsubpp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xsubpp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts Perl XS code into C code
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zipdetails" name=
                          "zipdetails"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zipdetails</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays details about the internal structure of a
                          Zip file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-autoconf" name=
                    "ch-system-autoconf"></a>6.38.&nbsp;Autoconf-2.69
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell
                scripts that can automatically configure source code.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">4.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">17.1 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.38.1. Installation of Autoconf
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Autoconf for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This takes a long time, about 4.7 SBUs. In addition, 6 tests
                are skipped that use Automake. For full test coverage,
                Autoconf can be re-tested after Automake has been installed.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-autoconf" name=
                "contents-autoconf"></a>6.38.2. Contents of Autoconf
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">autoconf, autoheader, autom4te,
                    autoreconf, autoscan, autoupdate, and ifnames</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/autoconf</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12307376" name="idp12307376"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autoconf" name="autoconf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Produces shell scripts that automatically configure
                          software source code packages to adapt to many
                          kinds of Unix-like systems. The configuration
                          scripts it produces are independent&mdash;running
                          them does not require the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> program.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autoheader" name=
                          "autoheader"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoheader</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A tool for creating template files of C
                          <span class="emphasis"><em>#define</em></span>
                          statements for configure to use
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autom4te" name="autom4te"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autom4te</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper for the M4 macro processor
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autoreconf" name=
                          "autoreconf"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoreconf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Automatically runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoheader</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>automake</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gettextize</strong></span>, and
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>libtoolize</strong></span> in the
                          correct order to save time when changes are made to
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> and
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>automake</strong></span> template
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autoscan" name="autoscan"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoscan</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Helps to create a <code class=
                          "filename">configure.in</code> file for a software
                          package; it examines the source files in a
                          directory tree, searching them for common
                          portability issues, and creates a <code class=
                          "filename">configure.scan</code> file that serves
                          as as a preliminary <code class=
                          "filename">configure.in</code> file for the package
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autoupdate" name=
                          "autoupdate"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoupdate</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Modifies a <code class=
                          "filename">configure.in</code> file that still
                          calls <span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> macros
                          by their old names to use the current macro names
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ifnames" name="ifnames"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ifnames</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Helps when writing <code class=
                          "filename">configure.in</code> files for a software
                          package; it prints the identifiers that the package
                          uses in C preprocessor conditionals. If a package
                          has already been set up to have some portability,
                          this program can help determine what <span class=
                          "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> needs
                          to check for. It can also fill in gaps in a
                          <code class="filename">configure.in</code> file
                          generated by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>autoscan</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-automake" name=
                    "ch-system-automake"></a>6.39.&nbsp;Automake-1.13.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Automake package contains programs for generating
                Makefiles for use with Autoconf.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU (34.1 SBU with
                    tests)</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">100 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.39.1. Installation of Automake
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Automake for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.13.1</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The tests take a very long time: over 30 SBUs. Running the
                  tests is not recommended.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-automake" name=
                "contents-automake"></a>6.39.2. Contents of Automake
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">acinstall, aclocal, aclocal-1.13,
                    automake, automake-1.13, compile, config.guess,
                    config.sub, depcomp, elisp-comp, install-sh, mdate-sh,
                    missing, mkinstalldirs, py-compile, symlink-tree, and
                    ylwrap</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/aclocal-1.13,
                    /usr/share/automake-1.13,
                    /usr/share/doc/automake-1.13.1</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12375088" name="idp12375088"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="acinstall" name="acinstall"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>acinstall</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that installs aclocal-style M4 files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="aclocal" name="aclocal"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates <code class="filename">aclocal.m4</code>
                          files based on the contents of <code class=
                          "filename">configure.in</code> files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="aclocalversion" name=
                          "aclocalversion"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class="command"><strong>aclocal-1.13</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="automake" name="automake"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>automake</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A tool for automatically generating <code class=
                          "filename">Makefile.in</code> files from
                          <code class="filename">Makefile.am</code> files. To
                          create all the <code class=
                          "filename">Makefile.in</code> files for a package,
                          run this program in the top-level directory. By
                          scanning the <code class=
                          "filename">configure.in</code> file, it
                          automatically finds each appropriate <code class=
                          "filename">Makefile.am</code> file and generates
                          the corresponding <code class=
                          "filename">Makefile.in</code> file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="automake-version" name=
                          "automake-version"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>automake-1.13</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>automake</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="compile" name="compile"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>compile</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper for compilers
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="config.guess" name=
                          "config.guess"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that attempts to guess the canonical
                          triplet for the given build, host, or target
                          architecture
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="config.sub" name=
                          "config.sub"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>config.sub</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A configuration validation subroutine script
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="depcomp" name="depcomp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>depcomp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script for compiling a program so that dependency
                          information is generated in addition to the desired
                          output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="elisp-comp" name=
                          "elisp-comp"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>elisp-comp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Byte-compiles Emacs Lisp code
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="install-sh" name=
                          "install-sh"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>install-sh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that installs a program, script, or data
                          file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mdate-sh" name="mdate-sh"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mdate-sh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that prints the modification time of a
                          file or directory
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="missing" name="missing"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>missing</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script acting as a common stub for missing GNU
                          programs during an installation
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mkinstalldirs" name=
                          "mkinstalldirs"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mkinstalldirs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that creates a directory tree
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="py-compile" name=
                          "py-compile"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>py-compile</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compiles a Python program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="symlink-tree" name=
                          "symlink-tree"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>symlink-tree</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script to create a symlink tree of a directory
                          tree
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ylwrap" name="ylwrap"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ylwrap</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A wrapper for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>lex</strong></span> and
                          <span class="command"><strong>yacc</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-diffutils" name=
                    "ch-system-diffutils"></a>6.40.&nbsp;Diffutils-3.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Diffutils package contains programs that show the
                differences between files or directories.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">25 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.40.1. Installation of Diffutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' lib/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-diffutils" name=
                "contents-diffutils"></a>6.40.2. Contents of Diffutils
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">cmp, diff, diff3, and sdiff</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12480864" name="idp12480864"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cmp" name="cmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares two files and reports whether or in which
                          bytes they differ
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="diff" name="diff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares two files or directories and reports which
                          lines in the files differ
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="diff3" name="diff3"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff3</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares three files line by line
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sdiff" name="sdiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sdiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Merges two files and interactively outputs the
                          results
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-gawk" name=
                    "ch-system-gawk"></a>6.41.&nbsp;Gawk-4.0.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text
                files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">30 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.41.1. Installation of Gawk
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Gawk for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --libexecdir=/usr/lib</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, install the documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gawk-4.0.2
cp    -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} /usr/share/doc/gawk-4.0.2</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gawk" name="contents-gawk"></a>6.41.2.
                Contents of Gawk
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">awk (link to gawk), dgawk, gawk,
                    gawk-4.0.2, grcat, igawk, pgawk, pgawk-4.0.2, and
                    pwcat</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/awk, /usr/share/awk</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12521760" name="idp12521760"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="awk" name="awk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>awk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dgawk" name="dgawk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dgawk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An awk debugger
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gawk" name="gawk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A program for manipulating text files; it is the
                          GNU implementation of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>awk</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gawk-version" name=
                          "gawk-version"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gawk-4.0.2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grcat" name="grcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps the group database <code class=
                          "filename">/etc/group</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="igawk" name="igawk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>igawk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Gives <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span> the ability
                          to include files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pgawk" name="pgawk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pgawk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The profiling version of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pgawk-version" name=
                          "pgawk-version"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pgawk-4.0.2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Hard link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>pgawk</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pwcat" name="pwcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pwcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps the password database <code class=
                          "filename">/etc/passwd</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-findutils" name=
                    "ch-system-findutils"></a>6.42.&nbsp;Findutils-4.4.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These
                programs are provided to recursively search through a
                directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database
                (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the
                database has not been recently updated).
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">29 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.42.1. Installation of Findutils
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Findutils for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr                   \
            --libexecdir=/usr/lib/findutils \
            --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--localstatedir</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option changes the location of the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>locate</strong></span> database to be
                      in <code class="filename">/var/lib/locate</code>, which
                      is FHS-compliant.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
                <span class="command"><strong>find</strong></span>. As
                <code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available
                during the early stages of booting, this program needs to be
                on the root partition. The <span class=
                "command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span> script also needs
                to be modified to correct an explicit path:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/find /bin
sed -i 's/find:=${BINDIR}/find:=\/bin/' /usr/bin/updatedb</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-findutils" name=
                "contents-findutils"></a>6.42.2. Contents of Findutils
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">bigram, code, find, frcode, locate,
                    oldfind, updatedb, and xargs</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/findutils</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12596400" name="idp12596400"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bigram" name="bigram"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bigram</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Was formerly used to produce <span class=
                          "command"><strong>locate</strong></span> databases
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="code" name="code"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>code</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Was formerly used to produce <span class=
                          "command"><strong>locate</strong></span> databases;
                          it is the ancestor of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>frcode</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="find" name="find"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>find</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Searches given directory trees for files matching
                          the specified criteria
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="frcode" name="frcode"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>frcode</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is called by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span> to
                          compress the list of file names; it uses
                          front-compression, reducing the database size by a
                          factor of four to five.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="locate" name="locate"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>locate</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Searches through a database of file names and
                          reports the names that contain a given string or
                          match a given pattern
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="oldfind" name="oldfind"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>oldfind</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Older version of find, using a different algorithm
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="updatedb" name="updatedb"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Updates the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>locate</strong></span> database;
                          it scans the entire file system (including other
                          file systems that are currently mounted, unless
                          told not to) and puts every file name it finds into
                          the database
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xargs" name="xargs"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xargs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Can be used to apply a given command to a list of
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-flex" name=
                    "ch-system-flex"></a>6.43.&nbsp;Flex-2.5.37
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs
                that recognize patterns in text.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">39 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.43.1. Installation of Flex
              </h3>
              <p>
                First, fix some regression tests:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../flex-2.5.37-bison-2.6.1-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Flex for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr             \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.5.37</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                There are some packages that expect to find the <code class=
                "filename">lex</code> library in <code class=
                "filename">/usr/lib</code>. Create a symlink to account for
                this:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv libfl.a /usr/lib/libl.a</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                A few programs do not know about <span class=
                "command"><strong>flex</strong></span> yet and try to run its
                predecessor, <span class=
                "command"><strong>lex</strong></span>. To support those
                programs, create a wrapper script named <code class=
                "filename">lex</code> that calls <code class=
                "filename">flex</code> in <span class=
                "command"><strong>lex</strong></span> emulation mode:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /usr/bin/lex &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">#!/bin/sh
# Begin /usr/bin/lex

exec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@"

# End /usr/bin/lex</code>
EOF
chmod -v 755 /usr/bin/lex</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-flex" name="contents-flex"></a>6.43.2.
                Contents of Flex
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">flex, flex++ (link to flex), and
                    lex</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libfl.a and libfl_pic.a</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/flex-2.5.37</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12669792" name="idp12669792"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="flex" name="flex"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>flex</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A tool for generating programs that recognize
                          patterns in text; it allows for the versatility to
                          specify the rules for pattern-finding, eradicating
                          the need to develop a specialized program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="flexpp" name="flexpp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>flex++</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An extension of flex, is used for generating C++
                          code and classes. It is a symbolic link to
                          <span class="command"><strong>flex</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lex" name="lex"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lex</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>flex</strong></span> in
                          <span class="command"><strong>lex</strong></span>
                          emulation mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libfl.a" name="libfl.a"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libfl.a</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The <code class="filename">flex</code> library
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-gettext" name=
                    "ch-system-gettext"></a>6.44.&nbsp;Gettext-0.18.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Gettext package contains utilities for
                internationalization and localization. These allow programs
                to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling
                them to output messages in the user's native language.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">2.3 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">180 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.44.1. Installation of Gettext
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Gettext for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.18.2</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results (this takes a long time, around 3 SBUs),
                issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gettext" name="contents-gettext"></a>6.44.2.
                Contents of Gettext
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">autopoint, config.charset,
                    config.rpath, envsubst, gettext, gettext.sh, gettextize,
                    hostname, msgattrib, msgcat, msgcmp, msgcomm, msgconv,
                    msgen, msgexec, msgfilter, msgfmt, msggrep, msginit,
                    msgmerge, msgunfmt, msguniq, ngettext, recode-sr-latin,
                    and xgettext</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libasprintf.{a,so},
                    libgettextlib.so, libgettextpo.{a,so}, libgettextsrc.so,
                    and preloadable_libintl.so</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/gettext,
                    /usr/share/doc/gettext-0.18.2, /usr/share/gettext</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12713328" name="idp12713328"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="autopoint" name="autopoint"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>autopoint</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Copies standard Gettext infrastructure files into a
                          source package
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="config.charset" name=
                          "config.charset"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class="command"><strong>config.charset</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Outputs a system-dependent table of character
                          encoding aliases
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="config.rpath" name=
                          "config.rpath"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>config.rpath</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Outputs a system-dependent set of variables,
                          describing how to set the runtime search path of
                          shared libraries in an executable
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="envsubst" name="envsubst"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>envsubst</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Substitutes environment variables in shell format
                          strings
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gettext" name="gettext"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gettext</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates a natural language message into the
                          user's language by looking up the translation in a
                          message catalog
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gettext.sh" name=
                          "gettext.sh"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gettext.sh</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Primarily serves as a shell function library for
                          gettext
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gettextize" name=
                          "gettextize"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gettextize</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Copies all standard Gettext files into the given
                          top-level directory of a package to begin
                          internationalizing it
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="hostname-gettext" name=
                          "hostname-gettext"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>hostname</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays a network hostname in various forms
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgattrib" name="msgattrib"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgattrib</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Filters the messages of a translation catalog
                          according to their attributes and manipulates the
                          attributes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgcat" name="msgcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Concatenates and merges the given <code class=
                          "filename">.po</code> files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgcmp" name="msgcmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgcmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compares two <code class="filename">.po</code>
                          files to check that both contain the same set of
                          msgid strings
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgcomm" name="msgcomm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgcomm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Finds the messages that are common to to the given
                          <code class="filename">.po</code> files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgconv" name="msgconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a translation catalog to a different
                          character encoding
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgen" name="msgen"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgen</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates an English translation catalog
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgexec" name="msgexec"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgexec</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Applies a command to all translations of a
                          translation catalog
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgfilter" name="msgfilter"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgfilter</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Applies a filter to all translations of a
                          translation catalog
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgfmt" name="msgfmt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates a binary message catalog from a
                          translation catalog
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msggrep" name="msggrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msggrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Extracts all messages of a translation catalog that
                          match a given pattern or belong to some given
                          source files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msginit" name="msginit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msginit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a new <code class="filename">.po</code>
                          file, initializing the meta information with values
                          from the user's environment
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgmerge" name="msgmerge"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgmerge</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Combines two raw translations into a single file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msgunfmt" name="msgunfmt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgunfmt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompiles a binary message catalog into raw
                          translation text
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="msguniq" name="msguniq"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>msguniq</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Unifies duplicate translations in a translation
                          catalog
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ngettext" name="ngettext"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ngettext</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays native language translations of a textual
                          message whose grammatical form depends on a number
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="recode-sr-latin" name=
                          "recode-sr-latin"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>recode-sr-latin</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Recodes Serbian text from Cyrillic to Latin script
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xgettext" name="xgettext"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xgettext</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Extracts the translatable message lines from the
                          given source files to make the first translation
                          template
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libasprintf" name=
                          "libasprintf"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libasprintf</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          defines the <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>autosprintf</em></span> class, which
                          makes C formatted output routines usable in C++
                          programs, for use with the <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>&lt;string&gt;</em></span> strings
                          and the <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>&lt;iostream&gt;</em></span> streams
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgettextlib" name=
                          "libgettextlib"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libgettextlib</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          a private library containing common routines used
                          by the various Gettext programs; these are not
                          intended for general use
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgettextpo" name=
                          "libgettextpo"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libgettextpo</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to write specialized programs that process
                          <code class="filename">.po</code> files; this
                          library is used when the standard applications
                          shipped with Gettext (such as <span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgcomm</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgcmp</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgattrib</strong></span>, and
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>msgen</strong></span>) will not
                          suffice
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libgettextsrc" name=
                          "libgettextsrc"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libgettextsrc</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A private library containing common routines used
                          by the various Gettext programs; these are not
                          intended for general use
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="preloadable_libintl.so" name=
                          "preloadable_libintl.so"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">preloadable_libintl</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A library, intended to be used by LD_PRELOAD that
                          assists <code class="filename">libintl</code> in
                          logging untranslated messages.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-groff" name=
                    "ch-system-groff"></a>6.45.&nbsp;Groff-1.22.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Groff package contains programs for processing and
                formatting text.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">83 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.45.1. Installation of Groff
              </h3>
              <p>
                Groff expects the environment variable <code class=
                "envar">PAGE</code> to contain the default paper size. For
                users in the United States, <em class=
                "parameter"><code>PAGE=letter</code></em> is appropriate.
                Elsewhere, <em class="parameter"><code>PAGE=A4</code></em>
                may be more suitable. While the default paper size is
                configured during compilation, it can be overridden later by
                echoing either &ldquo;<span class="quote">A4</span>&rdquo; or
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">letter</span>&rdquo; to the
                <code class="filename">/etc/papersize</code> file.
              </p>
              <p>
                Prepare Groff for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">PAGE=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;paper_size&gt;</code></em> ./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -p /usr/share/doc/groff-1.22/pdf
make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Some documentation programs, such as <span class=
                "command"><strong>xman</strong></span>, will not work
                properly without the following symlinks:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv eqn /usr/bin/geqn
ln -sv tbl /usr/bin/gtbl</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-groff" name="contents-groff"></a>6.45.2.
                Contents of Groff
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">addftinfo, afmtodit, chem, eqn,
                    eqn2graph, gdiffmk, geqn (link to eqn), grap2graph, grn,
                    grodvi, groff, groffer, grog, grolbp, grolj4, grops,
                    grotty, gtbl (link to tbl), hpftodit, indxbib, lkbib,
                    lookbib, mmroff, neqn, nroff, pdfroff, pfbtops, pic,
                    pic2graph, post-grohtml, preconv, pre-grohtml, refer,
                    roff2dvi, roff2html, roff2pdf, roff2ps, roff2text,
                    roff2x, soelim, tbl, tfmtodit, and troff</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/groff,
                    /usr/share/doc/groff-1.22.2, /usr/share/groff</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp12886176" name="idp12886176"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="addftinfo" name="addftinfo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>addftinfo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads a troff font file and adds some additional
                          font-metric information that is used by the
                          <span class="command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
                          system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="afmtodit" name="afmtodit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>afmtodit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a font file for use with <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> and
                          <span class="command"><strong>grops</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chem" name="chem"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chem</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Groff preprocessor for producing chemical structure
                          diagrams
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="eqn" name="eqn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>eqn</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compiles descriptions of equations embedded within
                          troff input files into commands that are understood
                          by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="eqn2graph" name="eqn2graph"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>eqn2graph</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a troff EQN (equation) into a cropped
                          image
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gdiffmk" name="gdiffmk"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gdiffmk</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Marks differences between groff/nroff/troff files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="geqn" name="geqn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>geqn</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>eqn</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grap2graph" name=
                          "grap2graph"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grap2graph</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a grap diagram into a cropped bitmap image
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grn" name="grn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grn</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
                          preprocessor for gremlin files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grodvi" name="grodvi"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grodvi</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A driver for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> that
                          produces TeX dvi format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groff" name="groff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A front-end to the groff document formatting
                          system; normally, it runs the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> program and
                          a post-processor appropriate for the selected
                          device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="groffer" name="groffer"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>groffer</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays groff files and man pages on X and tty
                          terminals
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grog" name="grog"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grog</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads files and guesses which of the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> options
                          <code class="option">-e</code>, <code class=
                          "option">-man</code>, <code class=
                          "option">-me</code>, <code class=
                          "option">-mm</code>, <code class=
                          "option">-ms</code>, <code class=
                          "option">-p</code>, <code class="option">-s</code>,
                          and <code class="option">-t</code> are required for
                          printing files, and reports the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> command
                          including those options
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grolbp" name="grolbp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grolbp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> driver for
                          Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser
                          printers)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grolj4" name="grolj4"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grolj4</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a driver for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> that
                          produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP
                          LaserJet 4 printer
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grops" name="grops"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grops</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates the output of GNU <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to
                          PostScript
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grotty" name="grotty"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grotty</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates the output of GNU <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> into a form
                          suitable for typewriter-like devices
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gtbl" name="gtbl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gtbl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>tbl</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="hpftodit" name="hpftodit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>hpftodit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a font file for use with <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff -Tlj4</strong></span> from
                          an HP-tagged font metric file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="indxbib" name="indxbib"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>indxbib</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates an inverted index for the bibliographic
                          databases with a specified file for use with
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>refer</strong></span>,
                          <span class=
                          "command"><strong>lookbib</strong></span>, and
                          <span class="command"><strong>lkbib</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lkbib" name="lkbib"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lkbib</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Searches bibliographic databases for references
                          that contain specified keys and reports any
                          references found
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lookbib" name="lookbib"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lookbib</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the
                          standard input is not a terminal), reads a line
                          containing a set of keywords from the standard
                          input, searches the bibliographic databases in a
                          specified file for references containing those
                          keywords, prints any references found on the
                          standard output, and repeats this process until the
                          end of input
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mmroff" name="mmroff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mmroff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A simple preprocessor for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="neqn" name="neqn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>neqn</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Formats equations for American Standard Code for
                          Information Interchange (ASCII) output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nroff" name="nroff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nroff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A script that emulates the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>nroff</strong></span> command
                          using <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pdfroff" name="pdfroff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pdfroff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates pdf documents using groff
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pfbtops" name="pfbtops"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pfbtops</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates a PostScript font in <code class=
                          "filename">.pfb</code> format to ASCII
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pic" name="pic"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pic</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within
                          troff or TeX input files into commands understood
                          by TeX or <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pic2graph" name="pic2graph"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pic2graph</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a PIC diagram into a cropped image
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="post-grohtml" name=
                          "post-grohtml"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>post-grohtml</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates the output of GNU <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to HTML
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="preconv" name="preconv"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>preconv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts encoding of input files to something GNU
                          <span class="command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
                          understands
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pre-grohtml" name=
                          "pre-grohtml"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pre-grohtml</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates the output of GNU <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to HTML
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="refer" name="refer"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>refer</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Copies the contents of a file to the standard
                          output, except that lines between <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>.[</em></span> and <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>.]</em></span> are interpreted as
                          citations, and lines between <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>.R1</em></span> and <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>.R2</em></span> are interpreted as
                          commands for how citations are to be processed
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="roff2dvi" name="roff2dvi"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>roff2dvi</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Transforms roff files into DVI format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="roff2html" name="roff2html"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>roff2html</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Transforms roff files into HTML format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="roff2pdf" name="roff2pdf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>roff2pdf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Transforms roff files into PDFs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="roff2ps" name="roff2ps"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>roff2ps</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Transforms roff files into ps files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="roff2text" name="roff2text"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>roff2text</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Transforms roff files into text files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="roff2x" name="roff2x"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>roff2x</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Transforms roff files into other formats
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="soelim" name="soelim"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>soelim</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads files and replaces lines of the form
                          <span class="emphasis"><em>.so file</em></span> by
                          the contents of the mentioned <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>file</em></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tbl" name="tbl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tbl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compiles descriptions of tables embedded within
                          troff input files into commands that are understood
                          by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tfmtodit" name="tfmtodit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tfmtodit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a font file for use with <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff -Tdvi</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="troff" name="troff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is highly compatible with Unix <span class=
                          "command"><strong>troff</strong></span>; it should
                          usually be invoked using the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> command,
                          which will also run preprocessors and
                          post-processors in the appropriate order and with
                          the appropriate options
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-xz" name=
                    "ch-system-xz"></a>6.46.&nbsp;Xz-5.0.4
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Xz package contains programs for compressing and
                decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma
                and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files
                with <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> yields
                a better compression percentage than with the traditional
                <span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> or
                <span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> commands.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">18 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.46.1. Installation of Xz
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Xz for compilation with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --libdir=/lib --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.0.4</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make pkgconfigdir=/usr/lib/pkgconfig install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-xz" name="contents-xz"></a>6.46.2. Contents
                of Xz
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">lzcat (link to xz), lzcmp (link to
                    xzdiff), lzdiff (link to xzdiff), lzegrep (link to
                    xzgrep), lzfgrep (link to xzgrep), lzgrep (link to
                    xzgrep), lzless (link to xzless), lzma (link to xz),
                    lzmadec, lzmainfo, lzmore (link to xzmore), unlzma (link
                    to xz), unxz, (link to xz), xz, xzcat (link to xz), xzcmp
                    (link to xzdiff), xzdec, xzdiff, xzegrep (link to
                    xzgrep), xzfgrep (link to xzgrep), xzgrep, xzless,
                    xzmore</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">liblzma.{a,so}</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/include/lzma and
                    /usr/share/doc/xz-5.0.4</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp13128016" name="idp13128016"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzcat" name="lzcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses to standard output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzcmp" name="lzcmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzcmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzdiff" name="lzdiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzdiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzegrep" name="lzegrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzegrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzfgrep" name="lzfgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzfgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzgrep" name="lzgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzless" name="lzless"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzless</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzma" name="lzma"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzma</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compresses or decompresses files using the LZMA
                          format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzmadec" name="lzmadec"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzmadec</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A small and fast decoder for LZMA compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzmainfo" name="lzmainfo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzmainfo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows information stored in the LZMA compressed
                          file header
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lzmore" name="lzmore"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lzmore</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on LZMA
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unlzma" name="unlzma"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unlzma</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses files using the LZMA format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unxz" name="unxz"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unxz</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses files using the XZ format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xz" name="xz"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xz</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compresses or decompresses files using the XZ
                          format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzcat" name="xzcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses to standard output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzcmp" name="xzcmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzcmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzdec" name="xzdec"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzdec</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A small and fast decoder for XZ compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzdiff" name="xzdiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzdiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzegrep" name="xzegrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzegrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzfgrep" name="xzfgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzfgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzgrep" name="xzgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzless" name="xzless"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzless</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xzmore" name="xzmore"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xzmore</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on XZ
                          compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="liblzma" name="liblzma"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">liblzma*</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The library implementing lossless, block-sorting
                          data compression, using the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain
                          algorithm
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-grub" name=
                    "ch-system-grub"></a>6.47.&nbsp;GRUB-2.00
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">112 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.47.1. Installation of GRUB
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' grub-core/gnulib/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare GRUB for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr          \
            --sysconfdir=/etc      \
            --disable-grub-emu-usb \
            --disable-efiemu       \
            --disable-werror</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The --disable-werror option allows the build to complete with
                warnings introduced by more recent flex versions. The other
                --disable switches minimize what is built by disabling
                features and testing programs not needed for LFS.
              </p>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Using GRUB to make your LFS system bootable will be discussed
                in <a class="xref" href="#ch-bootable-grub" title=
                "8.4.&nbsp;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process">Section&nbsp;8.4,
                &ldquo;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process&rdquo;</a>.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gRUB" name="contents-gRUB"></a>6.47.2.
                Contents of GRUB
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">grub-bios-setup, grub-editenv,
                    grub-fstest, grub-install, grub-kbdcomp,
                    grub-menulst2cfg, grub-mkconfig, grub-mkimage,
                    grub-mklayout, grub-mknetdir, grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2,
                    grub-mkrelpath, grub-mkrescue, grub-mkstandalone,
                    grub-ofpathname, grub-probe, grub-reboot,
                    grub-script-check, grub-set-default,
                    grub-sparc64-setup</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/grub, /etc/grub.d,
                    /usr/share/grub, /boot/grub</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp13267184" name="idp13267184"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-bios-setup" name=
                          "grub-bios-setup"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-bios-setup</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a helper program for grub-install
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-editenv" name=
                          "grub-editenv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-editenv</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A tool to edit the environment block
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-fstest" name=
                          "grub-fstest"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-fstest</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tool to debug the filesystem driver
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-install" name=
                          "grub-install"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-install</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Install GRUB on your drive
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-kbdcomp" name=
                          "grub-kbdcomp"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-kbdcomp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Script that converts an xkb layout into one
                          recognized by GRUB
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-menulst2cfg" name=
                          "grub-menulst2cfg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-menulst2cfg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts a GRUB Legacy <code class=
                          "filename">menu.lst</code> into a <code class=
                          "filename">grub.cfg</code> for use with GRUB 2
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mkconfig" name=
                          "grub-mkconfig"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mkconfig</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generate a grub config file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mkimage" name=
                          "grub-mkimage"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mkimage</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Make a bootable image of GRUB
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mklayout" name=
                          "grub-mklayout"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mklayout</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates a GRUB keyboard layout file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mknetdir" name=
                          "grub-mknetdir"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mknetdir</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prepares a GRUB netboot directory
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2" name=
                          "grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates an encrypted PBKDF2 password for use in
                          the boot menu
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mkrelpath" name=
                          "grub-mkrelpath"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class="command"><strong>grub-mkrelpath</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Makes a system pathname relative to its root
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mkrescue" name=
                          "grub-mkrescue"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mkrescue</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Make a bootable image of GRUB suitable for a floppy
                          disk or CDROM/DVD
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-mkstandalone" name=
                          "grub-mkstandalone"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-mkstandalone</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generates a standalone image
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-ofpathname" name=
                          "grub-ofpathname"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-ofpathname</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a helper program that prints the path of a GRUB
                          device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-probe" name=
                          "grub-probe"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-probe</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Probe device information for a given path or device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-reboot" name=
                          "grub-reboot"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-reboot</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets the default boot entry for GRUB for the next
                          boot only
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-script-check" name=
                          "grub-script-check"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-script-check</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Checks GRUB configuration script for syntax errors
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-set-default" name=
                          "grub-set-default"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-set-default</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets the default boot entry for GRUB
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="grub-sparc64-setup" name=
                          "grub-sparc64-setup"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>grub-sparc64-setup</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a helper program for grub-setup
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-less" name=
                    "ch-system-less"></a>6.48.&nbsp;Less-451
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Less package contains a text file viewer.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">3.8 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.48.1. Installation of Less
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Less for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--sysconfdir=/etc</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option tells the programs created by the package
                      to look in <code class="filename">/etc</code> for the
                      configuration files.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-less" name="contents-less"></a>6.48.2.
                Contents of Less
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less, lessecho, and lesskey</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp13379872" name="idp13379872"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="less" name="less"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>less</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A file viewer or pager; it displays the contents of
                          the given file, letting the user scroll, find
                          strings, and jump to marks
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lessecho" name="lessecho"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lessecho</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Needed to expand meta-characters, such as
                          <span class="emphasis"><em>*</em></span> and
                          <span class="emphasis"><em>?</em></span>, in
                          filenames on Unix systems
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lesskey" name="lesskey"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lesskey</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to specify the key bindings for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>less</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-gzip" name=
                    "ch-system-gzip"></a>6.49.&nbsp;Gzip-1.5
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and
                decompressing files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">19.7 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.49.1. Installation of Gzip
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Gzip for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Move some programs that do not need to be on the root
                filesystem:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /bin/{gzexe,uncompress,zcmp,zdiff,zegrep} /usr/bin
mv -v /bin/{zfgrep,zforce,zgrep,zless,zmore,znew} /usr/bin</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-gzip" name="contents-gzip"></a>6.49.2.
                Contents of Gzip
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">gunzip, gzexe, gzip, uncompress,
                    zcat, zcmp, zdiff, zegrep, zfgrep, zforce, zgrep, zless,
                    zmore, and znew</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp13416976" name="idp13416976"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gunzip" name="gunzip"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gunzip</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses gzipped files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gzexe" name="gzexe"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gzexe</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates self-decompressing executable files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="gzip" name="gzip"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compresses the given files using Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)
                          coding
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="uncompress" name=
                          "uncompress"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>uncompress</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses compressed files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zcat" name="zcat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zcat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Decompresses the given gzipped files to standard
                          output
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zcmp" name="zcmp"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zcmp</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zdiff" name="zdiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zdiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zegrep" name="zegrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zegrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zfgrep" name="zfgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zfgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zforce" name="zforce"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zforce</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Forces a <code class="filename">.gz</code>
                          extension on all given files that are gzipped
                          files, so that <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> will not
                          compress them again; this can be useful when file
                          names were truncated during a file transfer
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zgrep" name="zgrep"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zgrep</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zless" name="zless"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zless</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zmore" name="zmore"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zmore</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Runs <span class=
                          "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on gzipped
                          files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="znew" name="znew"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>znew</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Re-compresses files from <span class=
                          "command"><strong>compress</strong></span> format
                          to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>
                          format&mdash;<code class="filename">.Z</code> to
                          <code class="filename">.gz</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-iproute2" name=
                    "ch-system-iproute2"></a>6.50.&nbsp;IPRoute2-3.8.0
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced
                IPV4-based networking.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">7.3 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.50.1. Installation of IPRoute2
              </h3>
              <p>
                The <span class="command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> binary
                included in this package is dependent on Berkeley DB. Because
                <span class="command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> is not a
                very common requirement on a base Linux system, remove the
                dependency on Berkeley DB by applying the commands below. If
                the <span class="command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> binary
                is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be
                found in the BLFS Book at <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/server/databases.html#db">
                http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/server/databases.html#db</a>.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile
sed -i 's/arpd.8//' man/man8/Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Remove a compiler flag that causes the compilation to fail:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/-Werror//' Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make DESTDIR=</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make option:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>DESTDIR=</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This ensures that the IPRoute2 binaries will install
                      into the correct directory. By default, <em class=
                      "parameter"><code>DESTDIR</code></em> is set to
                      <code class="filename">/usr</code>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                This package comes with a test suite, but due to assumptions
                it makes, it is not possible to reliably run these tests from
                within the chroot environment. If you wish to run these tests
                after booting into your new LFS system, ensure you select
                <code class="filename">/proc/config.gz</code>
                CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC ("General setup" -&gt; "Enable access to
                .config through /proc/config.gz") support into your kernel
                then run 'make alltests' from the <code class=
                "filename">testsuite/</code> subdirectory.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make DESTDIR=              \
     MANDIR=/usr/share/man \
     DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2-3.8.0 install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-iproute2" name=
                "contents-iproute2"></a>6.50.2. Contents of IPRoute2
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">bridge, ctstat (link to lnstat),
                    genl, ifcfg, ifstat, ip, lnstat, nstat, routef, routel,
                    rtacct, rtmon, rtpr, rtstat (link to lnstat), ss, and
                    tc</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/etc/iproute2, /lib/tc,
                    /usr/share/doc/iproute2-3.8.0, /usr/lib/tc</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp13778224" name="idp13778224"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bridge" name="bridge"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bridge</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Configures network bridges
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ctstat" name="ctstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ctstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Connection status utility
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="genl" name="genl"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>genl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ifcfg" name="ifcfg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ifcfg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A shell script wrapper for the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ip</strong></span> command. Note
                          that it requires the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>arping</strong></span> and
                          <span class="command"><strong>rdisk</strong></span>
                          programs from the iputils package found at
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/">http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/</a>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ifstat" name="ifstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ifstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows the interface statistics, including the
                          amount of transmitted and received packets by
                          interface
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ip" name="ip"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ip</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The main executable. It has several different
                          functions:
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip link <em class=
                          "replaceable"><code>&lt;device&gt;</code></em></strong></span>
                          allows users to look at the state of devices and to
                          make changes
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          addr</strong></span> allows users to look at
                          addresses and their properties, add new addresses,
                          and delete old ones
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          neighbor</strong></span> allows users to look at
                          neighbor bindings and their properties, add new
                          neighbor entries, and delete old ones
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          rule</strong></span> allows users to look at the
                          routing policies and change them
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          route</strong></span> allows users to look at the
                          routing table and change routing table rules
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          tunnel</strong></span> allows users to look at the
                          IP tunnels and their properties, and change them
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          maddr</strong></span> allows users to look at the
                          multicast addresses and their properties, and
                          change them
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          mroute</strong></span> allows users to set, change,
                          or delete the multicast routing
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          monitor</strong></span> allows users to
                          continuously monitor the state of devices,
                          addresses and routes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lnstat" name="lnstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lnstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides Linux network statistics. It is a
                          generalized and more feature-complete replacement
                          for the old <span class=
                          "command"><strong>rtstat</strong></span> program
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="nstat" name="nstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>nstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows network statistics
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="routef" name="routef"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>routef</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A component of <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          route</strong></span>. This is for flushing the
                          routing tables
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="routel" name="routel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>routel</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A component of <span class="command"><strong>ip
                          route</strong></span>. This is for listing the
                          routing tables
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rtacct" name="rtacct"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rtacct</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the contents of <code class=
                          "filename">/proc/net/rt_acct</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rtmon" name="rtmon"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rtmon</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Route monitoring utility
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rtpr" name="rtpr"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rtpr</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts the output of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>ip -o</strong></span> back into a
                          readable form
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rtstat" name="rtstat"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rtstat</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Route status utility
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ss" name="ss"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ss</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Similar to the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>netstat</strong></span> command;
                          shows active connections
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tc" name="tc"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Traffic Controlling Executable; this is for Quality
                          Of Service (QOS) and Class Of Service (COS)
                          implementations
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>tc
                          qdisc</strong></span> allows users to setup the
                          queueing discipline
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>tc
                          class</strong></span> allows users to setup classes
                          based on the queuing discipline scheduling
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>tc
                          estimator</strong></span> allows users to estimate
                          the network flow into a network
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>tc
                          filter</strong></span> allows users to setup the
                          QOS/COS packet filtering
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          <span class="command"><strong>tc
                          policy</strong></span> allows users to setup the
                          QOS/COS policies
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-kbd" name=
                    "ch-system-kbd"></a>6.51.&nbsp;Kbd-1.15.5
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Kbd package contains key-table files, console fonts, and
                keyboard utilities.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">20 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.51.1. Installation of Kbd
              </h3>
              <p>
                The behaviour of the Backspace and Delete keys is not
                consistent across the keymaps in the Kbd package. The
                following patch fixes this issue for i386 keymaps:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-1.15.5-backspace-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                After patching, the Backspace key generates the character
                with code 127, and the Delete key generates a well-known
                escape sequence.
              </p>
              <p>
                Fix a bug that causes some keymaps not to be loaded
                correctly:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '326 s/if/while/' src/loadkeys.analyze.l</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Remove the redundant <span class=
                "command"><strong>resizecons</strong></span> program (it
                requires the defunct svgalib to provide the video mode files
                - for normal use <span class=
                "command"><strong>setfont</strong></span> sizes the console
                appropriately) together with its manpage.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/\(RESIZECONS_PROGS=\)yes/\1no/g' configure
sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' man/man8/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Kbd for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --datadir=/lib/kbd \
  --disable-vlock</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--datadir=/lib/kbd</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option puts keyboard layout data in a directory
                      that will always be on the root partition instead of
                      the default <code class=
                      "filename">/usr/share/kbd</code>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-vlock</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option prevents the vlock utility from being
                      built, as it requires the PAM library, which isn't
                      available in the chroot environment.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  For some languages (e.g., Belarusian) the Kbd package
                  doesn't provide a useful keymap where the stock
                  &ldquo;<span class="quote">by</span>&rdquo; keymap assumes
                  the ISO-8859-5 encoding, and the CP1251 keymap is normally
                  used. Users of such languages have to download working
                  keymaps separately.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
                <span class="command"><strong>kbd_mode</strong></span>,
                <span class="command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span>,
                <span class="command"><strong>openvt</strong></span>, and
                <span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span>. As
                <code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available
                during the early stages of booting, those binaries need to be
                on the root partition:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mv -v /usr/bin/{kbd_mode,loadkeys,openvt,setfont} /bin</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If desired, install the documentation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/kbd-1.15.5
cp -R -v doc/* \
         /usr/share/doc/kbd-1.15.5</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-kbd" name="contents-kbd"></a>6.51.2. Contents
                of Kbd
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">chvt, deallocvt, dumpkeys,
                    fgconsole, getkeycodes, kbdinfo, kbd_mode, kbdrate,
                    loadkeys, loadunimap, mapscrn, openvt, psfaddtable (link
                    to psfxtable), psfgettable (link to psfxtable),
                    psfstriptable (link to psfxtable), psfxtable, setfont,
                    setkeycodes, setleds, setmetamode, showconsolefont,
                    showkey, unicode_start, and unicode_stop</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/lib/kbd</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp13913408" name="idp13913408"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="chvt" name="chvt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>chvt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes the foreground virtual terminal
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="deallocvt" name="deallocvt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>deallocvt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Deallocates unused virtual terminals
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="dumpkeys" name="dumpkeys"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>dumpkeys</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps the keyboard translation tables
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fgconsole" name="fgconsole"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fgconsole</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the number of the active virtual terminal
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="getkeycodes" name=
                          "getkeycodes"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>getkeycodes</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prints the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="kbdinfo" name="kbdinfo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>kbdinfo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Obtains information about the status of a console
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="kbd_mode" name="kbd_mode"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>kbd_mode</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports or sets the keyboard mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="kbdrate" name="kbdrate"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>kbdrate</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets the keyboard repeat and delay rates
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="loadkeys" name="loadkeys"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads the keyboard translation tables
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="loadunimap" name=
                          "loadunimap"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>loadunimap</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads the kernel unicode-to-font mapping table
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mapscrn" name="mapscrn"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mapscrn</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          An obsolete program that used to load a
                          user-defined output character mapping table into
                          the console driver; this is now done by
                          <span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="openvt" name="openvt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>openvt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Starts a program on a new virtual terminal (VT)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="psfaddtable" name=
                          "psfaddtable"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfaddtable</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfxtable</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="psfgettable" name=
                          "psfgettable"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfgettable</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfxtable</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="psfstriptable" name=
                          "psfstriptable"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfstriptable</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfxtable</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="psfxtable" name="psfxtable"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>psfxtable</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Handle Unicode character tables for console fonts
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setfont" name="setfont"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setfont</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Changes the Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) and
                          Video Graphics Array (VGA) fonts on the console
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setkeycodes" name=
                          "setkeycodes"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setkeycodes</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
                          entries; this is useful if there are unusual keys
                          on the keyboard
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setleds" name="setleds"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setleds</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets the keyboard flags and Light Emitting Diodes
                          (LEDs)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setmetamode" name=
                          "setmetamode"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setmetamode</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Defines the keyboard meta-key handling
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="showconsolefont" name=
                          "showconsolefont"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>showconsolefont</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows the current EGA/VGA console screen font
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="showkey" name="showkey"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>showkey</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the scancodes, keycodes, and ASCII codes of
                          the keys pressed on the keyboard
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unicode_start" name=
                          "unicode_start"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unicode_start</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Puts the keyboard and console in UNICODE mode.
                          Don't use this program unless your keymap file is
                          in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. For other encodings,
                          this utility produces incorrect results.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="unicode_stop" name=
                          "unicode_stop"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>unicode_stop</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reverts keyboard and console from UNICODE mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-kmod" name=
                    "ch-system-kmod"></a>6.52.&nbsp;Kmod-12
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Kmod package contains libraries and utilities for loading
                kernel modules
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">30 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.52.1. Installation of Kmod
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Kmod for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr       \
            --bindir=/bin       \
            --libdir=/lib       \
            --sysconfdir=/etc   \
            --disable-manpages  \
            --with-xz           \
            --with-zlib</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-*</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      These options enable Kmod to handle compressed kernel
                      modules.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-manpages</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This option prevents the man pages from being built, as
                      they rely on libxslt, which isn't available in the
                      chroot environment.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package, and create symlinks for compatibility
                with Module-Init-Tools, the package that previously handled
                Linux kernel modules:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make pkgconfigdir=/usr/lib/pkgconfig install

for target in depmod insmod modinfo modprobe rmmod; do
  ln -sv ../bin/kmod /sbin/$target
done

ln -sv kmod /bin/lsmod</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-kmod" name="contents-kmod"></a>6.52.2.
                Contents of Kmod
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">depmod (link to kmod), insmod (link
                    to kmod), kmod, kmod-nolib, lsmod (link to kmod), modinfo
                    (link to kmod), modprobe (link to kmod), and rmmod (link
                    to kmod)</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/lib/kmod.so</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14049168" name="idp14049168"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="depmod" name="depmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>depmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a dependency file based on the symbols it
                          finds in the existing set of modules; this
                          dependency file is used by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> to
                          automatically load the required modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="insmod" name="insmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>insmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Installs a loadable module in the running kernel
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="kmod" name="kmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>kmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads and unloads kernel modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libkmod" name="libkmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libkmod</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          This library is used by other programs to load and
                          unload kernel modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lsmod" name="lsmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lsmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Lists currently loaded modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="modinfo" name="modinfo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Examines an object file associated with a kernel
                          module and displays any information that it can
                          glean
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="modprobe" name="modprobe"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Uses a dependency file, created by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>depmod</strong></span>, to
                          automatically load relevant modules
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rmmod" name="rmmod"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rmmod</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Unloads modules from the running kernel
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-libpipeline" name=
                    "ch-system-libpipeline"></a>6.53.&nbsp;Libpipeline-1.2.2
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating
                pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">7.4 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.53.1. Installation of Libpipeline
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Libpipeline for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/tools/lib/pkgconfig ./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Use pkg-config to obtain the location of the test
                      library metadata built in <a class="xref" href=
                      "#ch-tools-check" title=
                      "5.13.&nbsp;Check-0.9.9">Section&nbsp;5.13,
                      &ldquo;Check-0.9.9&rdquo;</a>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-libpipeline" name=
                "contents-libpipeline"></a>6.53.2. Contents of Libpipeline
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libpipeline.so</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14110288" name="idp14110288"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libpipeline" name=
                          "libpipeline"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">libpipeline</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          This library is used to safely construct pipelines
                          between subprocesses
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-make" name=
                    "ch-system-make"></a>6.54.&nbsp;Make-3.82
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">11.3 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.54.1. Installation of Make
              </h3>
              <p>
                First apply some upstream patches:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../make-3.82-upstream_fixes-3.patch</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Make for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-make" name="contents-make"></a>6.54.2.
                Contents of Make
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">make</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14137056" name="idp14137056"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="make" name="make"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>make</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Automatically determines which pieces of a package
                          need to be (re)compiled and then issues the
                          relevant commands
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-man-db" name=
                    "ch-system-man-db"></a>6.55.&nbsp;Man-DB-2.6.3
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing
                man pages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">27 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.55.1. Installation of Man-DB
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Man-DB for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr                        \
            --libexecdir=/usr/lib                \
            --docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.6.3 \
            --sysconfdir=/etc                    \
            --disable-setuid                     \
            --with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx         \
            --with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind        \
            --with-grap=/usr/bin/grap</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--disable-setuid</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This disables making the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>man</strong></span> program setuid to
                      user <code class="systemitem">man</code>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--with-...</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      These three parameters are used to set some default
                      programs. <span class=
                      "command"><strong>lynx</strong></span> is a text-based
                      web browser (see BLFS for installation instructions),
                      <span class="command"><strong>vgrind</strong></span>
                      converts program sources to Groff input, and
                      <span class="command"><strong>grap</strong></span> is
                      useful for typesetting graphs in Groff documents. The
                      <span class="command"><strong>vgrind</strong></span>
                      and <span class="command"><strong>grap</strong></span>
                      programs are not normally needed for viewing manual
                      pages. They are not part of LFS or BLFS, but you should
                      be able to install them yourself after finishing LFS if
                      you wish to do so.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.55.2. Non-English Manual Pages in LFS
              </h3>
              <p>
                The following table shows the character set that Man-DB
                assumes manual pages installed under <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/man/&lt;ll&gt;</code> will be encoded
                with. In addition to this, Man-DB correctly determines if
                manual pages installed in that directory are UTF-8 encoded.
              </p>
              <div class="table">
                <a id="idp14172272" name="idp14172272"></a>
                <p class="title">
                  <b>Table&nbsp;6.1.&nbsp;Expected character encoding of
                  legacy 8-bit manual pages</b>
                </p>
                <div class="table-contents">
                  <table summary=
                  "Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pages"
                  border="1">
                    <colgroup>
                      <col />
                      <col />
                      <col />
                      <col />
                    </colgroup>
                    <thead>
                      <tr>
                        <th>
                          Language (code)
                        </th>
                        <th>
                          Encoding
                        </th>
                        <th>
                          Language (code)
                        </th>
                        <th>
                          Encoding
                        </th>
                      </tr>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Danish (da)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Croatian (hr)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          German (de)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Hungarian (hu)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          English (en)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Japanese (ja)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          EUC-JP
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Spanish (es)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Korean (ko)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          EUC-KR
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Estonian (et)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Lithuanian (lt)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-13
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Finnish (fi)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Latvian (lv)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-13
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          French (fr)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Macedonian (mk)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-5
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Irish (ga)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Polish (pl)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Galician (gl)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Romanian (ro)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Indonesian (id)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Russian (ru)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          KOI8-R
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Icelandic (is)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Slovak (sk)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Italian (it)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Slovenian (sl)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Norwegian Bokmal (nb)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Serbian Latin (sr@latin)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Dutch (nl)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Serbian (sr)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-5
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Norwegian Nynorsk (nn)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Turkish (tr)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-9
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Norwegian (no)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Ukrainian (uk)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          KOI8-U
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Portuguese (pt)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Vietnamese (vi)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          TCVN5712-1
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Swedish (sv)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-1
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Simplified Chinese (zh_CN)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          GBK
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Belarusian (be)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          CP1251
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Simplified Chinese, Singapore (zh_SG)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          GBK
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Bulgarian (bg)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          CP1251
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Traditional Chinese, Hong Kong (zh_HK)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          BIG5HKSCS
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Czech (cs)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-2
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          Traditional Chinese (zh_TW)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          BIG5
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td>
                          Greek (el)
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          ISO-8859-7
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          &nbsp;
                        </td>
                        <td>
                          &nbsp;
                        </td>
                      </tr>
                    </tbody>
                  </table>
                </div>
              </div><br class="table-break" />
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Manual pages in languages not in the list are not
                  supported.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-man-db" name="contents-man-db"></a>6.55.3.
                Contents of Man-DB
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">accessdb, apropos (link to whatis),
                    catman, lexgrog, man, mandb, manpath, whatis, and
                    zsoelim</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libman.so, libmandb.so</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/man-db,
                    /usr/share/doc/man-db-2.6.3</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14230784" name="idp14230784"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="accessdb" name="accessdb"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>accessdb</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Dumps the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
                          contents in human-readable form
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="apropos" name="apropos"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>apropos</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Searches the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
                          and displays the short descriptions of system
                          commands that contain a given string
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="catman" name="catman"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>catman</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates or updates the pre-formatted manual pages
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lexgrog" name="lexgrog"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lexgrog</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays one-line summary information about a given
                          manual page
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="man" name="man"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>man</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Formats and displays the requested manual page
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mandb" name="mandb"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mandb</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates or updates the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="manpath" name="manpath"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>manpath</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Displays the contents of $MANPATH or (if $MANPATH
                          is not set) a suitable search path based on the
                          settings in man.conf and the user's environment
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="whatis" name="whatis"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Searches the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
                          and displays the short descriptions of system
                          commands that contain the given keyword as a
                          separate word
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="zsoelim" name="zsoelim"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>zsoelim</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reads files and replaces lines of the form
                          <span class="emphasis"><em>.so file</em></span> by
                          the contents of the mentioned <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>file</em></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libman" name="libman"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libman</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains run-time support for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>man</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libmandb" name="libmandb"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">libmandb</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains run-time support for <span class=
                          "command"><strong>man</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-patch" name=
                    "ch-system-patch"></a>6.56.&nbsp;Patch-2.7.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Patch package contains a program for modifying or
                creating files by applying a &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">patch</span>&rdquo; file typically created by the
                <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">3.4 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.56.1. Installation of Patch
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Patch for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-patch" name="contents-patch"></a>6.56.2.
                Contents of Patch
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">patch</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14306096" name="idp14306096"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="patch" name="patch"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>patch</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Modifies files according to a patch file. A patch
                          file is normally a difference listing created with
                          the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program. By
                          applying these differences to the original files,
                          <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span>
                          creates the patched versions.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-sysklogd" name=
                    "ch-system-sysklogd"></a>6.57.&nbsp;Sysklogd-1.5
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system
                messages, such as those given by the kernel when unusual
                things happen.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.6 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.57.1. Installation of Sysklogd
              </h3>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make BINDIR=/sbin install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-sysklogd" name="conf-sysklogd"></a>6.57.2.
                Configuring Sysklogd
              </h3>
              <p>
                Create a new <code class="filename">/etc/syslog.conf</code>
                file by running the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/syslog.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/syslog.conf

auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
*.emerg *

# End /etc/syslog.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-sysklogd" name=
                "contents-sysklogd"></a>6.57.3. Contents of Sysklogd
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">klogd and syslogd</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14338400" name="idp14338400"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="klogd" name="klogd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>klogd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A system daemon for intercepting and logging kernel
                          messages
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="syslogd" name="syslogd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Logs the messages that system programs offer for
                          logging. Every logged message contains at least a
                          date stamp and a hostname, and normally the
                          program's name too, but that depends on how
                          trusting the logging daemon is told to be
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-sysvinit" name=
                    "ch-system-sysvinit"></a>6.58.&nbsp;Sysvinit-2.88dsf
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the
                startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.4 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.58.1. Installation of Sysvinit
              </h3>
              <p>
                When run-levels are changed (for example, when halting the
                system), <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span>
                sends termination signals to those processes that
                <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span> itself
                started and that should not be running in the new run-level.
                While doing this, <span class=
                "command"><strong>init</strong></span> outputs messages like
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">Sending processes the TERM
                signal</span>&rdquo; which seem to imply that it is sending
                these signals to all currently running processes. To avoid
                this misinterpretation, modify the source so that these
                messages read like &ldquo;<span class="quote">Sending
                processes configured via /etc/inittab the TERM
                signal</span>&rdquo; instead:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's@Sending processes@&amp; configured via /etc/inittab@g' src/init.c</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Maintained versions of the <span class=
                "command"><strong>wall</strong></span>, <span class=
                "command"><strong>mountpoint</strong></span>, and
                <span class="command"><strong>utmpdump</strong></span>
                programs were installed earlier by Util-linux. Suppress the
                installation of Sysvinit's versions of these programs and
                their man pages:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/utmpdump/d' \
       -e '/mountpoint/d' src/Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C src</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This package does not come with a test suite.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C src install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-sysvinit" name=
                "contents-sysvinit"></a>6.58.2. Contents of Sysvinit
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">bootlogd, fstab-decode, halt, init,
                    killall5, last, lastb (link to last), mesg, pidof (link
                    to killall5), poweroff (link to halt), reboot (link to
                    halt), runlevel, shutdown, sulogin, and telinit (link to
                    init)</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14374496" name="idp14374496"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="bootlogd" name="bootlogd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>bootlogd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Logs boot messages to a log file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="fstab-decode" name=
                          "fstab-decode"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>fstab-decode</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Run a command with fstab-encoded arguments
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="halt" name="halt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>halt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Normally invokes <span class=
                          "command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span> with the
                          <em class="parameter"><code>-h</code></em> option,
                          except when already in run-level 0, then it tells
                          the kernel to halt the system; it notes in the file
                          <code class="filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> that
                          the system is being brought down
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="init" name="init"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>init</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The first process to be started when the kernel has
                          initialized the hardware which takes over the boot
                          process and starts all the proceses it is
                          instructed to
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="killall5" name="killall5"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>killall5</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sends a signal to all processes, except the
                          processes in its own session so it will not kill
                          the shell running the script that called it
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="last" name="last"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>last</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows which users last logged in (and out),
                          searching back through the <code class=
                          "filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> file; it also shows
                          system boots, shutdowns, and run-level changes
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lastb" name="lastb"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>lastb</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Shows the failed login attempts, as logged in
                          <code class="filename">/var/log/btmp</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mesg" name="mesg"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mesg</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Controls whether other users can send messages to
                          the current user's terminal
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pidof" name="pidof"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pidof</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the PIDs of the given programs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="poweroff" name="poweroff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>poweroff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tells the kernel to halt the system and switch off
                          the computer (see <span class=
                          "command"><strong>halt</strong></span>)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="reboot" name="reboot"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tells the kernel to reboot the system (see
                          <span class="command"><strong>halt</strong></span>)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="runlevel" name="runlevel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>runlevel</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reports the previous and the current run-level, as
                          noted in the last run-level record in <code class=
                          "filename">/var/run/utmp</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="shutdown" name="shutdown"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Brings the system down in a secure way, signaling
                          all processes and notifying all logged-in users
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sulogin" name="sulogin"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sulogin</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Allows <code class="systemitem">root</code> to log
                          in; it is normally invoked by <span class=
                          "command"><strong>init</strong></span> when the
                          system goes into single user mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="telinit" name="telinit"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>telinit</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Tells <span class=
                          "command"><strong>init</strong></span> which
                          run-level to change to
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-tar" name=
                    "ch-system-tar"></a>6.59.&nbsp;Tar-1.26
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Tar package contains an archiving program.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">2.4 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">34 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.59.1. Installation of Tar
              </h3>
              <p>
                Fix an incompatibility between this package and Glibc-2.17:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e '/gets is a/d' gnu/stdio.in.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Prepare Tar for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1  \
./configure --prefix=/usr \
            --bindir=/bin \
            --libexecdir=/usr/sbin</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><code class=
                    "envar">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1</code></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This forces the test for <code class=
                      "function">mknod</code> to be run as root. It is
                      generally considered dangerous to run this test as the
                      root user, but as it is being run on an only partially
                      built system, overriding it is OK.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results (about 1 SBU), issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.26</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-tar" name="contents-tar"></a>6.59.2. Contents
                of Tar
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">rmt and tar</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/tar-1.26</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14475968" name="idp14475968"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rmt" name="rmt"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rmt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Remotely manipulates a magnetic tape drive through
                          an interprocess communication connection
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="tar" name="tar"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>tar</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates, extracts files from, and lists the
                          contents of archives, also known as tarballs
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-texinfo" name=
                    "ch-system-texinfo"></a>6.60.&nbsp;Texinfo-5.0
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing,
                and converting info pages.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.6 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">101 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.60.1. Installation of Texinfo
              </h3>
              <p>
                Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Optionally, install the components belonging in a TeX
                installation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make parameter:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The <code class="envar">TEXMF</code> makefile variable
                      holds the location of the root of the TeX tree if, for
                      example, a TeX package will be installed later.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                The Info documentation system uses a plain text file to hold
                its list of menu entries. The file is located at <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/info/dir</code>. Unfortunately, due to
                occasional problems in the Makefiles of various packages, it
                can sometimes get out of sync with the info pages installed
                on the system. If the <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/info/dir</code> file ever needs to be
                recreated, the following optional commands will accomplish
                the task:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd /usr/share/info
rm -v dir
for f in *
do install-info $f dir 2&gt;/dev/null
done</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-texinfo" name="contents-texinfo"></a>6.60.2.
                Contents of Texinfo
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">info, infokey, install-info,
                    makeinfo, pdftexi2dvi, pod2texi, texi2any, texi2dvi,
                    texi2pdf, and texindex</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/texinfo</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14515376" name="idp14515376"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="info" name="info"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>info</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to read info pages which are similar to man
                          pages, but often go much deeper than just
                          explaining all the available command line options.
                          For example, compare <span class=
                          "command"><strong>man bison</strong></span> and
                          <span class="command"><strong>info
                          bison</strong></span>.
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="infokey" name="infokey"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>infokey</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Compiles a source file containing Info
                          customizations into a binary format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="install-info" name=
                          "install-info"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>install-info</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to install info pages; it updates entries in
                          the <span class=
                          "command"><strong>info</strong></span> index file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="makeinfo" name="makeinfo"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translates the given Texinfo source documents into
                          info pages, plain text, or HTML
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pdftexi2dvi" name=
                          "pdftexi2dvi"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pdftexi2dvi</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to format the given Texinfo document into a
                          Portable Document Format (PDF) file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="pod2texi" name="pod2texi"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>pod2texi</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Converts Pod to Texinfo format
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="texi2any" name="texi2any"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>texi2any</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Translate Texinfo source documentation to various
                          other formats
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="texi2dvi" name="texi2dvi"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>texi2dvi</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to format the given Texinfo document into a
                          device-independent file that can be printed
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="texi2pdf" name="texi2pdf"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>texi2pdf</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to format the given Texinfo document into a
                          Portable Document Format (PDF) file
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="texindex" name="texindex"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>texindex</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Used to sort Texinfo index files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-udev" name=
                    "ch-system-udev"></a>6.61.&nbsp;Udev-197 (Extracted from
                    systemd-197)
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of
                device nodes. The development of udev has been merged with
                systemd, but most of systemd is incompatible with LFS. Here
                we build and install just the needed udev files.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">23 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.61.1. Installation of Udev
              </h3>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  This package is a little different from other packages. The
                  initial package that is extracted is <code class=
                  "filename">systemd-197.tar.xz</code> even though the
                  application we are installing is udev. After changing to
                  the systemd directory, follow the instructions below.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                The udev-lfs tarball contains LFS-specific files used to
                build Udev. Unpack it into the systemd source directory:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -xvf ../udev-lfs-197-2.tar.bz2</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -f udev-lfs-197-2/Makefile.lfs</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -f udev-lfs-197-2/Makefile.lfs install</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon caution">
                <h3>
                  Caution
                </h3>
                <p>
                  There are several places within the <span class=
                  "application">systemd</span> source code that have explicit
                  directory paths embedded. For instance, the binary version
                  of the hardware database's path and file name used at run
                  time, <code class="filename">/etc/udev/hwdb.bin</code>,
                  cannot be changed without explict changes to the source
                  code.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Now initialize the hardware database:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">build/udevadm hwdb --update</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Finally set up the persistent network udev rules. This task
                will be explained in detail in <a class="xref" href=
                "#stable-net-names" title=
                "7.2.1.&nbsp;Creating stable names for network interfaces">Section&nbsp;7.2.1,
                &ldquo;Creating stable names for network
                interfaces&rdquo;</a>. Note that the <code class=
                "filename">/sys</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/proc</code> filesystems must be mounted in the
                chroot environment as explained at the beginning of this
                chapter for the following script to work.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">bash udev-lfs-197-2/init-net-rules.sh</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-udev" name="contents-udev"></a>6.61.2.
                Contents of Udev
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">accelerometer, ata_id, cdrom_id,
                    collect, mtd_probe, scsi_id, v4l_id, udevadm, and
                    udevd</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">libudev.so</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/etc/udev, /lib/udev,
                    /lib/firmware, /usr/share/doc/udev</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14592944" name="idp14592944"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ata_id" name="ata_id"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ata_id</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides Udev with a unique string and additional
                          information (uuid, label) for an ATA drive
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cdrom_id" name="cdrom_id"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cdrom_id</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides Udev with the capabilities of a CD-ROM or
                          DVD-ROM drive
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="collect" name="collect"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>collect</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Given an ID for the current uevent and a list of
                          IDs (for all target uevents), registers the current
                          ID and indicates whether all target IDs have been
                          registered
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="scsi_id" name="scsi_id"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>scsi_id</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides Udev with a unique SCSI identifier based
                          on the data returned from sending a SCSI INQUIRY
                          command to the specified device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="udevadm" name="udevadm"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>udevadm</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Generic udev administration tool: controls the
                          udevd daemon, provides info from the Udev database,
                          monitors uevents, waits for uevents to finish,
                          tests Udev configuration, and triggers uevents for
                          a given device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="udevd" name="udevd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A daemon that listens for uevents on the netlink
                          socket, creates devices and runs the configured
                          external programs in response to these uevents
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="libudev" name="libudev"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class="filename">libudev</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A library interface to udev device information
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="etc-udev" name="etc-udev"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">/etc/udev</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains Udev configuration files, device
                          permissions, and rules for device naming
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-vim" name=
                    "ch-system-vim"></a>6.62.&nbsp;Vim-7.3
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Vim package contains a powerful text editor.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">96 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="admon tip">
                <h3>
                  Alternatives to Vim
                </h3>
                <p>
                  If you prefer another editor&mdash;such as Emacs, Joe, or
                  Nano&mdash;please refer to <a class="ulink" href=
                  "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/editors.html">
                  http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/editors.html</a>
                  for suggested installation instructions.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                6.62.1. Installation of Vim
              </h3>
              <p>
                First, change the default location of the <code class=
                "filename">vimrc</code> configuration file to <code class=
                "filename">/etc</code>:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' &gt;&gt; src/feature.h</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Now prepare Vim for compilation:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-multibyte</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the configure options:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>--enable-multibyte</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This switch enables support for editing files in
                      multibyte character encodings. This is needed if using
                      a locale with a multibyte character set. This switch is
                      also helpful to be able to edit text files initially
                      created in Linux distributions like Fedora that use
                      UTF-8 as a default character set.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Compile the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                To test the results, issue:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                However, this test suite outputs a lot of binary data to the
                screen, which can cause issues with the settings of the
                current terminal. This can be resolved by redirecting the
                output to a log file. A successful test will result in the
                words "ALL DONE" at completion.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Many users are used to using <span class=
                "command"><strong>vi</strong></span> instead of <span class=
                "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>. To allow execution of
                <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> when users
                habitually enter <span class=
                "command"><strong>vi</strong></span>, create a symlink for
                both the binary and the man page in the provided languages:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi
for L in  /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do
    ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1
done</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                By default, Vim's documentation is installed in <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/vim</code>. The following symlink
                allows the documentation to be accessed via <code class=
                "filename">/usr/share/doc/vim-7.3</code>, making it
                consistent with the location of documentation for other
                packages:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv ../vim/vim73/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-7.3</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If an X Window System is going to be installed on the LFS
                system, it may be necessary to recompile Vim after installing
                X. Vim comes with a GUI version of the editor that requires X
                and some additional libraries to be installed. For more
                information on this process, refer to the Vim documentation
                and the Vim installation page in the BLFS book at <a class=
                "ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/editors.html#postlfs-editors-vim">
                http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/editors.html#postlfs-editors-vim</a>.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-vim" name="conf-vim"></a>6.62.2. Configuring Vim
              </h3>
              <p>
                By default, <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
                runs in vi-incompatible mode. This may be new to users who
                have used other editors in the past. The &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">nocompatible</span>&rdquo; setting is included below
                to highlight the fact that a new behavior is being used. It
                also reminds those who would change to &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">compatible</span>&rdquo; mode that it should be the
                first setting in the configuration file. This is necessary
                because it changes other settings, and overrides must come
                after this setting. Create a default <span class=
                "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> configuration file by
                running the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/vimrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">" Begin /etc/vimrc

set nocompatible
set backspace=2
syntax on
if (&amp;term == "iterm") || (&amp;term == "putty")
  set background=dark
endif

" End /etc/vimrc</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The <em class="parameter"><code>set nocompatible</code></em>
                setting makes <span class=
                "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> behave in a more useful
                way (the default) than the vi-compatible manner. Remove the
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">no</span>&rdquo; to keep the old
                <span class="command"><strong>vi</strong></span> behavior.
                The <em class="parameter"><code>set backspace=2</code></em>
                setting allows backspacing over line breaks, autoindents, and
                the start of insert. The <em class="parameter"><code>syntax
                on</code></em> parameter enables vim's syntax highlighting.
                Finally, the <span class="emphasis"><em>if</em></span>
                statement with the <em class="parameter"><code>set
                background=dark</code></em> setting corrects <span class=
                "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>'s guess about the
                background color of some terminal emulators. This gives the
                highlighting a better color scheme for use on the black
                background of these programs.
              </p>
              <p>
                Documentation for other available options can be obtained by
                running the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">vim -c ':options'</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  By default, Vim only installs spell files for the English
                  language. To install spell files for your preferred
                  language, download the <code class="filename">*.spl</code>
                  and optionally, the <code class="filename">*.sug</code>
                  files for your language and character encoding from
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/">ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/</a>
                  and save them to <code class=
                  "filename">/usr/share/vim/vim73/spell/</code>.
                </p>
                <p>
                  To use these spell files, some configuration in
                  <code class="filename">/etc/vimrc</code> is needed, e.g.:
                </p>
                <pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">set spelllang=en,ru
set spell</code>
</pre>
                <p>
                  For more information, see the appropriate README file
                  located at the URL above.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-vim" name="contents-vim"></a>6.62.3. Contents
                of Vim
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">ex (link to vim), rview (link to
                    vim), rvim (link to vim), vi (link to vim), view (link to
                    vim), vim, vimdiff (link to vim), vimtutor, and
                    xxd</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/usr/share/vim</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp14694080" name="idp14694080"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ex" name="ex"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ex</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Starts <span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> in ex mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rview" name="rview"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rview</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a restricted version of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>view</strong></span>; no shell
                          commands can be started and <span class=
                          "command"><strong>view</strong></span> cannot be
                          suspended
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rvim" name="rvim"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>rvim</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is a restricted version of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>; no shell
                          commands can be started and <span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> cannot be
                          suspended
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vi" name="vi"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vi</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Link to <span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="view" name="view"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>view</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Starts <span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> in read-only
                          mode
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vim" name="vim"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Is the editor
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vimdiff" name="vimdiff"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vimdiff</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Edits two or three versions of a file with
                          <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
                          and show differences
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="vimtutor" name="vimtutor"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>vimtutor</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Teaches the basic keys and commands of <span class=
                          "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="xxd" name="xxd"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>xxd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Creates a hex dump of the given file; it can also
                          do the reverse, so it can be used for binary
                          patching
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-aboutdebug" name=
                    "ch-system-aboutdebug"></a>6.63.&nbsp;About Debugging
                    Symbols
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with
              debugging symbols included (with <span class=
              "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>'s <em class=
              "parameter"><code>-g</code></em> option). This means that when
              debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging
              information included, the debugger can provide not only memory
              addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables.
            </p>
            <p>
              However, the inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a
              program or library significantly. The following is an example
              of the amount of space these symbols occupy:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    A <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
                    binary with debugging symbols: 1200 KB
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    A <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
                    binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Glibc and GCC files (<code class="filename">/lib</code>
                    and <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code>) with
                    debugging symbols: 87 MB
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              Sizes may vary depending on which compiler and C library were
              used, but when comparing programs with and without debugging
              symbols, the difference will usually be a factor between two
              and five.
            </p>
            <p>
              Because most users will never use a debugger on their system
              software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these
              symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging
              symbols from the programs and libraries.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-strippingagain" name=
                    "ch-system-strippingagain"></a>6.64.&nbsp;Stripping Again
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              If the intended user is not a programmer and does not plan to
              do any debugging on the system software, the system size can be
              decreased by about 90 MB by removing the debugging symbols from
              binaries and libraries. This causes no inconvenience other than
              not being able to debug the software fully anymore.
            </p>
            <p>
              Most people who use the command mentioned below do not
              experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a typo
              and render the new system unusable, so before running the
              <span class="command"><strong>strip</strong></span> command, it
              is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its
              current state.
            </p>
            <p>
              Before performing the stripping, take special care to ensure
              that none of the binaries that are about to be stripped are
              running. If unsure whether the user entered chroot with the
              command given in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-chroot"
              title="6.4.&nbsp;Entering the Chroot Environment">Section&nbsp;6.4,
              &ldquo;Entering the Chroot Environment,&rdquo;</a> first exit
              from chroot:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">logout</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Then reenter it with:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chroot $LFS /tools/bin/env -i \
    HOME=/root TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
    PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \
    /tools/bin/bash --login</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Now the binaries and libraries can be safely stripped:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">/tools/bin/find /{,usr/}{bin,lib,sbin} -type f \
  -exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-debug '{}' ';'</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              A large number of files will be reported as having their file
              format not recognized. These warnings can be safely ignored.
              These warnings indicate that those files are scripts instead of
              binaries.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-system-revisedchroot" name=
                    "ch-system-revisedchroot"></a>6.65.&nbsp;Cleaning Up
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              From now on, when reentering the chroot environment after
              exiting, use the following modified chroot command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \
    HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
    PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \
    /bin/bash --login</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The reason for this is that the programs in <code class=
              "filename">/tools</code> are no longer needed. Since they are
              no longer needed you can delete the <code class=
              "filename">/tools</code> directory if so desired.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                Removing <code class="filename">/tools</code> will also
                remove the temporary copies of Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU which
                were used for running the toolchain tests. If you need these
                programs later on, they will need to be recompiled and
                re-installed. The BLFS book has instructions for this (see
                <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/</a>).
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              If the virtual kernel file systems have been unmounted, either
              manually or through a reboot, ensure that the virtual kernel
              file systems are mounted when reentering the chroot. This
              process was explained in <a class="xref" href=
              "#ch-system-bindmount" title=
              "6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">Section&nbsp;6.2.2,
              &ldquo;Mounting and Populating /dev&rdquo;</a> and <a class=
              "xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title=
              "6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section&nbsp;6.2.3,
              &ldquo;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems&rdquo;</a>.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-bootscripts" name=
                  "chapter-bootscripts"></a>Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;Setting Up
                  System Bootscripts
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-introduction" name=
                    "ch-scripts-introduction"></a>7.1.&nbsp;Introduction
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This chapter discusses configuration files and boot scripts.
              First, the general configuration files needed to set up
              networking are presented.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-network" title=
                    "7.2.&nbsp;General Network Configuration">Section&nbsp;7.2,
                    &ldquo;General Network Configuration.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-hosts" title=
                    "7.3.&nbsp;Customizing the /etc/hosts File">Section&nbsp;7.3,
                    &ldquo;Customizing the /etc/hosts File.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              Second, issues that affect the proper setup of devices
              diescussed.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-udev" title=
                    "7.4.&nbsp;Device and Module Handling on an LFS System">Section&nbsp;7.4,
                    &ldquo;Device and Module Handling on an LFS
                    System.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-symlinks" title=
                    "7.5.&nbsp;Creating Custom Symlinks to Devices">Section&nbsp;7.5,
                    &ldquo;Creating Custom Symlinks to Devices.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              The next sections detail how to install and configure the LFS
              system scripts needed during the boot process. Most of these
              scripts will work without modification, but a few require
              additional configuration files because they deal with
              hardware-dependent information.
            </p>
            <p>
              System-V style init scripts are employed in this book because
              they are widely used and relatively simple. For additional
              options, a hint detailing the BSD style init setup is available
              at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/bsd-init.txt">
              http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/bsd-init.txt</a>.
              Searching the LFS mailing lists for &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">depinit</span>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">upstart</span>&rdquo;, or &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">systemd</span>&rdquo; will also offer additional
              information.
            </p>
            <p>
              If using an alternative style of init scripts, skip these
              sections.
            </p>
            <p>
              A listing of the boot scripts are found in <a class="xref"
              href="#scripts" title=
              "Appendix&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Boot and sysconfig scripts version-20130123">
              Appendix D</a>.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-bootscripts" title=
                    "7.6.&nbsp;LFS-Bootscripts-20130123">Section&nbsp;7.6,
                    &ldquo;LFS-Bootscripts-20130123.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-usage" title=
                    "7.7.&nbsp;How Do These Bootscripts Work?">Section&nbsp;7.7,
                    &ldquo;How Do These Bootscripts Work?.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-hostname" title=
                    "7.8.&nbsp;Configuring the system hostname">Section&nbsp;7.8,
                    &ldquo;Configuring the system hostname.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-setclock" title=
                    "7.9.&nbsp;Configuring the setclock Script">Section&nbsp;7.9,
                    &ldquo;Configuring the setclock Script.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-console" title=
                    "7.10.&nbsp;Configuring the Linux Console">Section&nbsp;7.10,
                    &ldquo;Configuring the Linux Console.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-sysklogd" title=
                    "7.11.&nbsp;Configuring the sysklogd Script">Section&nbsp;7.11,
                    &ldquo;Configuring the sysklogd Script.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              Finally, there is a brief introduction to the scripts and
              configuration files used when the user logs into the system.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-profile" title=
                    "7.13.&nbsp;The Bash Shell Startup Files">Section&nbsp;7.13,
                    &ldquo;The Bash Shell Startup Files.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-inputrc" title=
                    "7.14.&nbsp;Creating the /etc/inputrc File">Section&nbsp;7.14,
                    &ldquo;Creating the /etc/inputrc File.&rdquo;</a>
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-network" name=
                    "ch-scripts-network"></a>7.2.&nbsp;General Network
                    Configuration
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This section only applies if a network card is to be
              configured.
            </p>
            <p>
              If a network card will not be used, there is likely no need to
              create any configuration files relating to network cards. If
              that is the case, you will need to remove the <code class=
              "filename">network</code> symlinks from all run-level
              directories (<code class="filename">/etc/rc.d/rc*.d</code>)
              after the bootscripts are installed in <a class="xref" href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts" title=
              "7.6.&nbsp;LFS-Bootscripts-20130123">Section&nbsp;7.6,
              &ldquo;LFS-Bootscripts-20130123&rdquo;</a>.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="stable-net-names" name="stable-net-names"></a>7.2.1.
                Creating stable names for network interfaces
              </h3>
              <p>
                If there is only one network interface in the system to be
                configured, this section is optional, although it will never
                be wrong to do it. In many cases (e.g. a laptop with a
                wireless and a wired interface), accomplishing the
                configuration in this section is necessary.
              </p>
              <p>
                With Udev and modular network drivers, the network interface
                numbering is not persistent across reboots by default,
                because the drivers are loaded in parallel and, thus, in
                random order. For example, on a computer having two network
                cards made by Intel and Realtek, the network card
                manufactured by Intel may become <code class=
                "filename">eth0</code> and the Realtek card becomes
                <code class="filename">eth1</code>. In some cases, after a
                reboot the cards get renumbered the other way around. To
                avoid this, Udev comes with a script and some rules to assign
                stable names to network cards based on their MAC address.
              </p>
              <p>
                The rules were pre-generated in the build instructions for
                <span class="application">udev (systemd)</span> in the last
                chapter. Inspect the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</code>
                file, to find out which name was assigned to which network
                device:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  In some cases such as when MAC addresess have been assigned
                  to a network card manually or in a virtual environment such
                  as Xen, the network rules file may not have been generated
                  because addresses are not consistently assigned. In these
                  cases, just continue to the next section.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                The file begins with a comment block followed by two lines
                for each NIC. The first line for each NIC is a commented
                description showing its hardware IDs (e.g. its PCI vendor and
                device IDs, if it's a PCI card), along with its driver in
                parentheses, if the driver can be found. Neither the hardware
                ID nor the driver is used to determine which name to give an
                interface; this information is only for reference. The second
                line is the Udev rule that matches this NIC and actually
                assigns it a name.
              </p>
              <p>
                All Udev rules are made up of several keys, separated by
                commas and optional whitespace. This rule's keys and an
                explanation of each of them are as follows:
              </p>
              <div class="itemizedlist">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">SUBSYSTEM=="net"</code> - This
                      tells Udev to ignore devices that are not network
                      cards.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">ACTION=="add"</code> - This tells
                      Udev to ignore this rule for a uevent that isn't an add
                      ("remove" and "change" uevents also happen, but don't
                      need to rename network interfaces).
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">DRIVERS=="?*"</code> - This
                      exists so that Udev will ignore VLAN or bridge
                      sub-interfaces (because these sub-interfaces do not
                      have drivers). These sub-interfaces are skipped because
                      the name that would be assigned would collide with
                      their parent devices.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">ATTR{address}</code> - The value
                      of this key is the NIC's MAC address.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">ATTR{type}=="1"</code> - This
                      ensures the rule only matches the primary interface in
                      the case of certain wireless drivers, which create
                      multiple virtual interfaces. The secondary interfaces
                      are skipped for the same reason that VLAN and bridge
                      sub-interfaces are skipped: there would be a name
                      collision otherwise.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">KERNEL=="eth*"</code> - This key
                      was added to the Udev rule generator to handle machines
                      that have multiple network interfaces, all with the
                      same MAC address (the PS3 is one such machine). If the
                      independent interfaces have different basenames, this
                      key will allow Udev to tell them apart. This is
                      generally not necessary for most Linux From Scratch
                      users, but does not hurt.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      <code class="literal">NAME</code> - The value of this
                      key is the name that Udev will assign to this
                      interface.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
              <p>
                The value of <code class="literal">NAME</code> is the
                important part. Make sure you know which name has been
                assigned to each of your network cards before proceeding, and
                be sure to use that <code class="literal">NAME</code> value
                when creating your configuration files below.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.2.2. Creating Network Interface Configuration Files
              </h3>
              <p>
                Which interfaces are brought up and down by the network
                script depends on the files in <code class=
                "filename">/etc/sysconfig/</code>. This directory should
                contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as
                <code class="filename">ifconfig.xyz</code>, where
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">xyz</span>&rdquo; is meaningful to
                the administrator such as the device name (e.g. eth0). Inside
                this file are attributes to this interface, such as its IP
                address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. It is necessary that
                the stem of the filename be <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>ifconfig</em></span>.
              </p>
              <p>
                The following command creates a sample file for the
                <span class="emphasis"><em>eth0</em></span> device with a
                static IP address:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd /etc/sysconfig/
cat &gt; ifconfig.eth0 &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">ONBOOT=yes
IFACE=eth0
SERVICE=ipv4-static
IP=192.168.1.1
GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
PREFIX=24
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The values of these variables must be changed in every file
                to match the proper setup.
              </p>
              <p>
                If the <code class="envar">ONBOOT</code> variable is set to
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">yes</span>&rdquo; the network
                script will bring up the Network Interface Card (NIC) during
                booting of the system. If set to anything but
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">yes</span>&rdquo; the NIC will be
                ignored by the network script and not be automatically
                brought up. The interface can be manually started or stopped
                with the <span class="command"><strong>ifup</strong></span>
                and <span class="command"><strong>ifdown</strong></span>
                commands.
              </p>
              <p>
                The <code class="envar">IFACE</code> variable defines the
                interface name, for example, eth0. It is required for all
                network device configuration files.
              </p>
              <p>
                The <code class="envar">SERVICE</code> variable defines the
                method used for obtaining the IP address. The LFS-Bootscripts
                package has a modular IP assignment format, and creating
                additional files in the <code class=
                "filename">/lib/services/</code> directory allows other IP
                assignment methods. This is commonly used for Dynamic Host
                Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS
                book.
              </p>
              <p>
                The <code class="envar">GATEWAY</code> variable should
                contain the default gateway IP address, if one is present. If
                not, then comment out the variable entirely.
              </p>
              <p>
                The <code class="envar">PREFIX</code> variable contains the
                number of bits used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP
                address is 8 bits. If the subnet's netmask is 255.255.255.0,
                then it is using the first three octets (24 bits) to specify
                the network number. If the netmask is 255.255.255.240, it
                would be using the first 28 bits. Prefixes longer than 24
                bits are commonly used by DSL and cable-based Internet
                Service Providers (ISPs). In this example (PREFIX=24), the
                netmask is 255.255.255.0. Adjust the <code class=
                "envar">PREFIX</code> variable according to your specific
                subnet.i If omitted, the PREFIX defaults to 24.
              </p>
              <p>
                For more information see the <span class=
                "command"><strong>ifup</strong></span> man page.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="resolv.conf" name="resolv.conf"></a>7.2.3. Creating
                the /etc/resolv.conf File
              </h3>
              <p>
                If the system is going to be connected to the Internet, it
                will need some means of Domain Name Service (DNS) name
                resolution to resolve Internet domain names to IP addresses,
                and vice versa. This is best achieved by placing the IP
                address of the DNS server, available from the ISP or network
                administrator, into <code class=
                "filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. Create the file by
                running the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/resolv.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/resolv.conf

domain <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;Your Domain Name&gt;</code></em>
nameserver <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;IP address of your primary nameserver&gt;</code></em>
nameserver <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;IP address of your secondary nameserver&gt;</code></em>

# End /etc/resolv.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The <code class="varname">domain</code> statement can be
                omitted or replaced with a <code class=
                "varname">search</code> statement. See the man page for
                resolv.conf for more details.
              </p>
              <p>
                Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;IP address of the
                nameserver&gt;</code></em> with the IP address of the DNS
                most appropriate for the setup. There will often be more than
                one entry (requirements demand secondary servers for fallback
                capability). If you only need or want one DNS server, remove
                the second <span class="emphasis"><em>nameserver</em></span>
                line from the file. The IP address may also be a router on
                the local network.
              </p>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are 8.8.8.8 and
                  8.8.4.4.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-hosts" name=
                    "ch-scripts-hosts"></a>7.3.&nbsp;Customizing the
                    /etc/hosts File
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              If a network card is to be configured, decide on the IP
              address, fully-qualified domain name (FQDN), and possible
              aliases for use in the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code>
              file. The syntax is:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">IP_address myhost.example.org aliases</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e.,
              there is a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP
              addresses&mdash;most users do not have this), make sure that
              the IP address is in the private network IP address range.
              Valid ranges are:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">Private Network Address Range      Normal Prefix
10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254           8
172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254           16
192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254         24</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number in
              the range 0-255.
            </p>
            <p>
              A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1. A valid FQDN
              for this IP could be lfs.example.org.
            </p>
            <p>
              Even if not using a network card, a valid FQDN is still
              required. This is necessary for certain programs to operate
              correctly.
            </p>
            <p>
              Create the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file by
              running:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/hosts (network card version)

127.0.0.1 localhost
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;192.168.1.1&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME.example.org&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>[alias1] [alias2 ...]</code></em>

# End /etc/hosts (network card version)</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The <em class=
              "replaceable"><code>&lt;192.168.1.1&gt;</code></em> and
              <em class=
              "replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME.example.org&gt;</code></em>
              values need to be changed for specific uses or requirements (if
              assigned an IP address by a network/system administrator and
              the machine will be connected to an existing network). The
              optional alias name(s) can be omitted.
            </p>
            <p>
              If a network card is not going to be configured, create the
              <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file by running:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/hosts (no network card version)

127.0.0.1 <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME.example.org&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</code></em> localhost

# End /etc/hosts (no network card version)</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-udev" name=
                    "ch-scripts-udev"></a>7.4.&nbsp;Device and Module
                    Handling on an LFS System
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              In <a class="xref" href="#chapter-building-system" title=
              "Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter
              6</a>, we installed the Udev package. Before we go into the
              details regarding how this works, a brief history of previous
              methods of handling devices is in order.
            </p>
            <p>
              Linux systems in general traditionally use a static device
              creation method, whereby a great many device nodes are created
              under <code class="filename">/dev</code> (sometimes literally
              thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding
              hardware devices actually exist. This is typically done via a
              <span class="command"><strong>MAKEDEV</strong></span> script,
              which contains a number of calls to the <span class=
              "command"><strong>mknod</strong></span> program with the
              relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible
              device that might exist in the world.
            </p>
            <p>
              Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by
              the kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these
              device nodes will be created each time the system boots, they
              will be stored on a <code class="systemitem">devtmpfs</code>
              file system (a virtual file system that resides entirely in
              system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so the
              memory that is used is negligible.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.4.1. History
              </h3>
              <p>
                In February 2000, a new filesystem called <code class=
                "systemitem">devfs</code> was merged into the 2.3.46 kernel
                and was made available during the 2.4 series of stable
                kernels. Although it was present in the kernel source itself,
                this method of creating devices dynamically never received
                overwhelming support from the core kernel developers.
              </p>
              <p>
                The main problem with the approach adopted by <code class=
                "systemitem">devfs</code> was the way it handled device
                detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of
                device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is
                generally accepted that if device names are allowed to be
                configurable, then the device naming policy should be up to a
                system administrator, not imposed on them by any particular
                developer(s). The <code class="systemitem">devfs</code> file
                system also suffers from race conditions that are inherent in
                its design and cannot be fixed without a substantial revision
                to the kernel. It was marked as deprecated for a long period
                &ndash; due to a lack of maintenance &ndash; and was finally
                removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
              </p>
              <p>
                With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later
                released as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual
                filesystem called <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> came
                to be. The job of <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> is to
                export a view of the system's hardware configuration to
                userspace processes. With this userspace-visible
                representation, the possibility of seeing a userspace
                replacement for <code class="systemitem">devfs</code> became
                much more realistic.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.4.2. Udev Implementation
              </h3>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14909488" name=
                        "idp14909488"></a>7.4.2.1.&nbsp;Sysfs
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  The <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> filesystem was
                  mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <code class=
                  "systemitem">sysfs</code> knows about the devices present
                  on a system and what device numbers should be used for
                  them. Drivers that have been compiled into the kernel
                  directly register their objects with a <code class=
                  "systemitem">sysfs</code> (devtmpfs internally) as they are
                  detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules,
                  this registration will happen when the module is loaded.
                  Once the <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> filesystem
                  is mounted (on /sys), data which the drivers register with
                  <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> are available to
                  userspace processes and to udevd for processing (including
                  modifications to device nodes).
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14916224" name=
                        "idp14916224"></a>7.4.2.2.&nbsp;Device Node Creation
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Device files are created by the kernel by the <code class=
                  "systemitem">devtmpfs</code> filesystem. Any driver that
                  wishes to register a device node will go through
                  <code class="systemitem">devtmpfs</code> (via the driver
                  core) to do it. When a <code class=
                  "systemitem">devtmpfs</code> instance is mounted on
                  <code class="filename">/dev</code>, the device node will
                  initially be created with a fixed name, permissions, and
                  owner.
                </p>
                <p>
                  A short time later, the kernel will send a uevent to
                  <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>. Based
                  on the rules specified in the files within the <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d</code>, <code class=
                  "filename">/lib/udev/rules.d</code>, and <code class=
                  "filename">/run/udev/rules.d</code> directories,
                  <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> will
                  create additional symlinks to the device node, or change
                  its permissions, owner, or group, or modify the internal
                  <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>
                  database entry (name) for that object.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The rules in these three directories are numbered in a
                  similar fashion to the LFS-Bootscripts package and all
                  three directories are merged together. If <span class=
                  "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> can't find a rule
                  for the device it is creating, it will leave the
                  permissions and ownership at whatever <code class=
                  "systemitem">devtmpfs</code> used initially.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14929728" name=
                        "idp14929728"></a>7.4.2.3.&nbsp;Udev Bootscripts
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  The first LFS bootscript, <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/init.d/mountvirtfs</code> will copy any
                  devices located in <code class=
                  "filename">/lib/udev/devices</code> to <code class=
                  "filename">/dev</code>. This is necessary because some
                  devices, directories, and symlinks are needed before the
                  dynamic device handling processes are available during the
                  early stages of booting a system, or are required by
                  <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> itself.
                  Creating static device nodes in <code class=
                  "filename">/lib/udev/devices</code> also provides an easy
                  workaround for devices that are not supported by the
                  dynamic device handling infrastructure.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The <code class="filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</code>
                  initscript starts <span class=
                  "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>, triggers any
                  "coldplug" devices that have already been created by the
                  kernel and waits for any rules to complete. The script also
                  unsets the uevent handler from the default of <code class=
                  "filename">/sbin/hotplug</code> . This is done because the
                  kernel no longer needs to call out to an external binary.
                  Instead <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>
                  will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that the kernel
                  raises.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The <span class=
                  "command"><strong>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</strong></span>
                  initscript takes care of re-triggering events for
                  subsystems whose rules may rely on filesystems that are not
                  mounted until the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span> script is run (in
                  particular, <code class="filename">/usr</code> and
                  <code class="filename">/var</code> may cause this). This
                  script runs after the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span> script, so those
                  rules (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time
                  around. It is configured from the <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</code> file; any words
                  in this file other than comments are considered subsystem
                  names to trigger at retry time. To find the subsystem of a
                  device, use <span class="command"><strong>udevadm info
                  --attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</strong></span> where
                  &lt;device&gt; is a an absolure path in /dev or /sys such
                  as /dev/sr0 or /sys/class/rtc.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14946128" name=
                        "idp14946128"></a>7.4.2.4.&nbsp;Module Loading
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built
                  into them. Aliases are visible in the output of the
                  <span class="command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span>
                  program and are usually related to the bus-specific
                  identifiers of devices supported by a module. For example,
                  the <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-fm801</em></span> driver
                  supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID
                  0x0801, and has an alias of &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*</span>&rdquo;.
                  For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the
                  driver that would handle the device via <code class=
                  "systemitem">sysfs</code>. E.g., the <code class=
                  "filename">/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias</code>
                  file might contain the string &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00</span>&rdquo;.
                  The default rules provided with Udev will cause
                  <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> to call
                  out to <span class=
                  "command"><strong>/sbin/modprobe</strong></span> with the
                  contents of the <code class="envar">MODALIAS</code> uevent
                  environment variable (which should be the same as the
                  contents of the <code class="filename">modalias</code> file
                  in sysfs), thus loading all modules whose aliases match
                  this string after wildcard expansion.
                </p>
                <p>
                  In this example, this means that, in addition to
                  <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-fm801</em></span>, the
                  obsolete (and unwanted) <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>forte</em></span> driver will be loaded if
                  it is available. See below for ways in which the loading of
                  unwanted drivers can be prevented.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network
                  protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14956448" name=
                        "idp14956448"></a>7.4.2.5.&nbsp;Handling
                        Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus
                  (USB) MP3 player, the kernel recognizes that the device is
                  now connected and generates a uevent. This uevent is then
                  handled by <span class=
                  "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> as described above.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.4.3. Problems with Loading Modules and Creating Devices
              </h3>
              <p>
                There are a few possible problems when it comes to
                automatically creating device nodes.
              </p>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14959920" name=
                        "idp14959920"></a>7.4.3.1.&nbsp;A kernel module is
                        not loaded automatically
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias
                  and the bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases
                  to <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code>. In other cases,
                  one should arrange module loading by other means. With
                  Linux-3.8.1, Udev is known to load properly-written drivers
                  for INPUT, IDE, PCI, USB, SCSI, SERIO, and FireWire
                  devices.
                </p>
                <p>
                  To determine if the device driver you require has the
                  necessary support for Udev, run <span class=
                  "command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span> with the module
                  name as the argument. Now try locating the device directory
                  under <code class="filename">/sys/bus</code> and check
                  whether there is a <code class="filename">modalias</code>
                  file there.
                </p>
                <p>
                  If the <code class="filename">modalias</code> file exists
                  in <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code>, the driver
                  supports the device and can talk to it directly, but
                  doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the driver. Load the
                  driver without the help from Udev and expect the issue to
                  be fixed later.
                </p>
                <p>
                  If there is no <code class="filename">modalias</code> file
                  in the relevant directory under <code class=
                  "filename">/sys/bus</code>, this means that the kernel
                  developers have not yet added modalias support to this bus
                  type. With Linux-3.8.1, this is the case with ISA busses.
                  Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Udev is not intended to load &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">wrapper</span>&rdquo; drivers such as <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>snd-pcm-oss</em></span> and non-hardware
                  drivers such as <span class="emphasis"><em>loop</em></span>
                  at all.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14972000" name=
                        "idp14972000"></a>7.4.3.2.&nbsp;A kernel module is
                        not loaded automatically, and Udev is not intended to
                        load it
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  If the &ldquo;<span class="quote">wrapper</span>&rdquo;
                  module only enhances the functionality provided by some
                  other module (e.g., <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>snd-pcm-oss</em></span> enhances the
                  functionality of <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>snd-pcm</em></span> by making the sound
                  cards available to OSS applications), configure
                  <span class="command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> to
                  load the wrapper after Udev loads the wrapped module. To do
                  this, add a &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">softdep</span>&rdquo; line in any <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/<em class=
                  "replaceable"><code>&lt;filename&gt;</code></em>.conf</code>
                  file. For example:
                </p>
                <pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">softdep snd-pcm post: snd-pcm-oss</code>
</pre>
                <p>
                  Note that the &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">softdep</span>&rdquo; command also allows
                  <code class="literal">pre:</code> dependencies, or a
                  mixture of both <code class="literal">pre:</code> and
                  <code class="literal">post:</code>. See the <code class=
                  "filename">modprobe.d(5)</code> manual page for more
                  information on &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">softdep</span>&rdquo; syntax and capabilities.
                </p>
                <p>
                  If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by
                  itself, configure the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>modules</strong></span> bootscript to
                  load this module on system boot. To do this, add the module
                  name to the <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/sysconfig/modules</code> file on a separate
                  line. This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal
                  in that case.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14984944" name=
                        "idp14984944"></a>7.4.3.3.&nbsp;Udev loads some
                        unwanted module
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in a
                  <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</code> file as
                  done with the <span class="emphasis"><em>forte</em></span>
                  module in the example below:
                </p>
                <pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">blacklist forte</code>
</pre>
                <p>
                  Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the
                  explicit <span class=
                  "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> command.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14990000" name=
                        "idp14990000"></a>7.4.3.4.&nbsp;Udev creates a device
                        incorrectly, or makes a wrong symlink
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a
                  device. For example, a poorly-writen rule can match both a
                  SCSI disk (as desired) and the corresponding SCSI generic
                  device (incorrectly) by vendor. Find the offending rule and
                  make it more specific, with the help of the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>udevadm info</strong></span> command.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14992272" name=
                        "idp14992272"></a>7.4.3.5.&nbsp;Udev rule works
                        unreliably
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  This may be another manifestation of the previous problem.
                  If not, and your rule uses <code class=
                  "systemitem">sysfs</code> attributes, it may be a kernel
                  timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels. For now, you
                  can work around it by creating a rule that waits for the
                  used <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> attribute and
                  appending it to the <code class=
                  "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules</code>
                  file (create this file if it does not exist). Please notify
                  the LFS Development list if you do so and it helps.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp14996624" name=
                        "idp14996624"></a>7.4.3.6.&nbsp;Udev does not create
                        a device
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  Further text assumes that the driver is built statically
                  into the kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you
                  have already checked that Udev doesn't create a misnamed
                  device.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a
                  kernel driver does not export its data to <code class=
                  "systemitem">sysfs</code>. This is most common with third
                  party drivers from outside the kernel tree. Create a static
                  device node in <code class=
                  "filename">/lib/udev/devices</code> with the appropriate
                  major/minor numbers (see the file <code class=
                  "filename">devices.txt</code> inside the kernel
                  documentation or the documentation provided by the third
                  party driver vendor). The static device node will be copied
                  to <code class="filename">/dev</code> by the <span class=
                  "command"><strong>udev</strong></span> bootscript.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
                <div class="titlepage">
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <h4 class="title">
                        <a id="idp15002992" name=
                        "idp15002992"></a>7.4.3.7.&nbsp;Device naming order
                        changes randomly after rebooting
                      </h4>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>
                  This is due to the fact that Udev, by design, handles
                  uevents and loads modules in parallel, and thus in an
                  unpredictable order. This will never be &ldquo;<span class=
                  "quote">fixed</span>&rdquo;. You should not rely upon the
                  kernel device names being stable. Instead, create your own
                  rules that make symlinks with stable names based on some
                  stable attributes of the device, such as a serial number or
                  the output of various *_id utilities installed by Udev. See
                  <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-symlinks" title=
                  "7.5.&nbsp;Creating Custom Symlinks to Devices">Section&nbsp;7.5,
                  &ldquo;Creating Custom Symlinks to Devices&rdquo;</a> and
                  <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-network" title=
                  "7.2.&nbsp;General Network Configuration">Section&nbsp;7.2,
                  &ldquo;General Network Configuration&rdquo;</a> for
                  examples.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.4.4. Useful Reading
              </h3>
              <p>
                Additional helpful documentation is available at the
                following sites:
              </p>
              <div class="itemizedlist">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      A Userspace Implementation of <code class=
                      "systemitem">devfs</code> <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf">
                      http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf</a>
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> Filesystem
                      <a class="ulink" href=
                      "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf">
                      http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf</a>
                    </p>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-symlinks" name=
                    "ch-scripts-symlinks"></a>7.5.&nbsp;Creating Custom
                    Symlinks to Devices
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.5.1. CD-ROM symlinks
              </h3>
              <p>
                Some software that you may want to install later (e.g.,
                various media players) expect the <code class=
                "filename">/dev/cdrom</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/dev/dvd</code> symlinks to exist, and to point to
                a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM device. Also, it may be convenient to put
                references to those symlinks into <code class=
                "filename">/etc/fstab</code>. Udev comes with a script that
                will generate rules files to create these symlinks for you,
                depending on the capabilities of each device, but you need to
                decide which of two modes of operation you wish to have the
                script use.
              </p>
              <p>
                First, the script can operate in &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">by-path</span>&rdquo; mode (used by default for USB
                and FireWire devices), where the rules it creates depend on
                the physical path to the CD or DVD device. Second, it can
                operate in &ldquo;<span class="quote">by-id</span>&rdquo;
                mode (default for IDE and SCSI devices), where the rules it
                creates depend on identification strings stored in the CD or
                DVD device itself. The path is determined by Udev's
                <span class="command"><strong>path_id</strong></span> script,
                and the identification strings are read from the hardware by
                its <span class="command"><strong>ata_id</strong></span> or
                <span class="command"><strong>scsi_id</strong></span>
                programs, depending on which type of device you have.
              </p>
              <p>
                There are advantages to each approach; the correct approach
                to use will depend on what kinds of device changes may
                happen. If you expect the physical path to the device (that
                is, the ports and/or slots that it plugs into) to change, for
                example because you plan on moving the drive to a different
                IDE port or a different USB connector, then you should use
                the &ldquo;<span class="quote">by-id</span>&rdquo; mode. On
                the other hand, if you expect the device's identification to
                change, for example because it may die, and you would replace
                it with a different device with the same capabilities and
                which is plugged into the same connectors, then you should
                use the &ldquo;<span class="quote">by-path</span>&rdquo;
                mode.
              </p>
              <p>
                If either type of change is possible with your drive, then
                choose a mode based on the type of change you expect to
                happen more often.
              </p>
              <div class="admon important">
                <h3>
                  Important
                </h3>
                <p>
                  External devices (for example, a USB-connected CD drive)
                  should not use by-path persistence, because each time the
                  device is plugged into a new external port, its physical
                  path will change. All externally-connected devices will
                  have this problem if you write Udev rules to recognize them
                  by their physical path; the problem is not limited to CD
                  and DVD drives.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                If you wish to see the values that the Udev scripts will use,
                then for the appropriate CD-ROM device, find the
                corresponding directory under <code class=
                "filename">/sys</code> (e.g., this can be <code class=
                "filename">/sys/block/hdd</code>) and run a command similar
                to the following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">udevadm test /sys/block/hdd</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Look at the lines containing the output of various *_id
                programs. The &ldquo;<span class="quote">by-id</span>&rdquo;
                mode will use the ID_SERIAL value if it exists and is not
                empty, otherwise it will use a combination of ID_MODEL and
                ID_REVISION. The &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">by-path</span>&rdquo; mode will use the ID_PATH
                value.
              </p>
              <p>
                If the default mode is not suitable for your situation, then
                the following modification can be made to the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules</code>
                file, as follows (where <em class=
                "replaceable"><code>mode</code></em> is one of
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">by-id</span>&rdquo; or
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">by-path</span>&rdquo;):
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e 's/"write_cd_rules"/"write_cd_rules <em class=
"replaceable"><code>mode</code></em>"/' \
    /etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Note that it is not necessary to create the rules files or
                symlinks at this time, because you have bind-mounted the
                host's <code class="filename">/dev</code> directory into the
                LFS system, and we assume the symlinks exist on the host. The
                rules and symlinks will be created the first time you boot
                your LFS system.
              </p>
              <p>
                However, if you have multiple CD-ROM devices, then the
                symlinks generated at that time may point to different
                devices than they point to on your host, because devices are
                not discovered in a predictable order. The assignments
                created when you first boot the LFS system will be stable, so
                this is only an issue if you need the symlinks on both
                systems to point to the same device. If you need that, then
                inspect (and possibly edit) the generated <code class=
                "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules</code>
                file after booting, to make sure the assigned symlinks match
                what you need.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.5.2. Dealing with duplicate devices
              </h3>
              <p>
                As explained in <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-udev"
                title="7.4.&nbsp;Device and Module Handling on an LFS System">
                Section&nbsp;7.4, &ldquo;Device and Module Handling on an LFS
                System&rdquo;</a>, the order in which devices with the same
                function appear in <code class="filename">/dev</code> is
                essentially random. E.g., if you have a USB web camera and a
                TV tuner, sometimes <code class="filename">/dev/video0</code>
                refers to the camera and <code class=
                "filename">/dev/video1</code> refers to the tuner, and
                sometimes after a reboot the order changes to the opposite
                one. For all classes of hardware except sound cards and
                network cards, this is fixable by creating udev rules for
                custom persistent symlinks. The case of network cards is
                covered separately in <a class="xref" href=
                "#ch-scripts-network" title=
                "7.2.&nbsp;General Network Configuration">Section&nbsp;7.2,
                &ldquo;General Network Configuration&rdquo;</a>, and sound
                card configuration can be found in <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/devices.html">
                BLFS</a>.
              </p>
              <p>
                For each of your devices that is likely to have this problem
                (even if the problem doesn't exist in your current Linux
                distribution), find the corresponding directory under
                <code class="filename">/sys/class</code> or <code class=
                "filename">/sys/block</code>. For video devices, this may be
                <code class="filename">/sys/class/video4linux/video<em class=
                "replaceable"><code>X</code></em></code>. Figure out the
                attributes that identify the device uniquely (usually, vendor
                and product IDs and/or serial numbers work):
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/video4linux/video0</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Then write rules that create the symlinks, e.g.:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cat &gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/83-duplicate_devs.rules &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">
# Persistent symlinks for webcam and tuner
KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{idProduct}=="1910", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0d81", \
    SYMLINK+="webcam"
KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{device}=="0x036f", ATTRS{vendor}=="0x109e", \
    SYMLINK+="tvtuner"
</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The result is that <code class="filename">/dev/video0</code>
                and <code class="filename">/dev/video1</code> devices still
                refer randomly to the tuner and the web camera (and thus
                should never be used directly), but there are symlinks
                <code class="filename">/dev/tvtuner</code> and <code class=
                "filename">/dev/webcam</code> that always point to the
                correct device.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-bootscripts" name=
                    "ch-scripts-bootscripts"></a>7.6.&nbsp;LFS-Bootscripts-20130123
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to
                start/stop the LFS system at bootup/shutdown.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">256 KB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.6.1. Installation of LFS-Bootscripts
              </h3>
              <p>
                Install the package:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-bootscripts" name=
                "contents-bootscripts"></a>7.6.2. Contents of LFS-Bootscripts
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed scripts:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">checkfs, cleanfs, console,
                    functions, halt, ifdown, ifup, localnet, modules,
                    mountfs, mountkernfs, network, rc, reboot, sendsignals,
                    setclock, static, swap, sysctl, sysklogd, template, udev,
                    and udev_retry</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/etc/rc.d, /etc/init.d (symbolic
                    link), /etc/sysconfig, /lib/services, /lib/lsb (symbolic
                    link)</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp15072816" name="idp15072816"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="checkfs-bootscripts" name=
                          "checkfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>checkfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Checks the integrity of the file systems before
                          they are mounted (with the exception of journal and
                          network based file systems)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="cleanfs-bootscripts" name=
                          "cleanfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>cleanfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Removes files that should not be preserved between
                          reboots, such as those in <code class=
                          "filename">/var/run/</code> and <code class=
                          "filename">/var/lock/</code>; it re-creates
                          <code class="filename">/var/run/utmp</code> and
                          removes the possibly present <code class=
                          "filename">/etc/nologin</code>, <code class=
                          "filename">/fastboot</code>, and <code class=
                          "filename">/forcefsck</code> files
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="console-bootscripts" name=
                          "console-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>console</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads the correct keymap table for the desired
                          keyboard layout; it also sets the screen font
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="functions-bootscripts" name=
                          "functions-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>functions</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains common functions, such as error and status
                          checking, that are used by several bootscripts
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="halt-bootscripts" name=
                          "halt-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>halt</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Halts the system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ifdown-bootscripts" name=
                          "ifdown-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ifdown</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Stops a network device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="ifup-bootscripts" name=
                          "ifup-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>ifup</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Initializes a network device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="localnet-bootscripts" name=
                          "localnet-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>localnet</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets up the system's hostname and local loopback
                          device
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="modules-bootscripts" name=
                          "modules-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>modules</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads kernel modules listed in <code class=
                          "filename">/etc/sysconfig/modules</code>, using
                          arguments that are also given there
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mountfs-bootscripts" name=
                          "mountfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Mounts all file systems, except ones that are
                          marked <span class=
                          "emphasis"><em>noauto</em></span> or are network
                          based
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="mountkernfs-bootscripts" name=
                          "mountkernfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>mountkernfs</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Mounts virtual kernel file systems, such as
                          <code class="systemitem">proc</code>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="network-bootscripts" name=
                          "network-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>network</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Sets up network interfaces, such as network cards,
                          and sets up the default gateway (where applicable)
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="rc-bootscripts" name=
                          "rc-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class="command"><strong>rc</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The master run-level control script; it is
                          responsible for running all the other bootscripts
                          one-by-one, in a sequence determined by the name of
                          the symbolic links being processed
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="reboot-bootscripts" name=
                          "reboot-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Reboots the system
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sendsignals-bootscripts" name=
                          "sendsignals-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Makes sure every process is terminated before the
                          system reboots or halts
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="setclock-bootscripts" name=
                          "setclock-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>setclock</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Resets the kernel clock to local time in case the
                          hardware clock is not set to UTC time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="static-bootscripts" name=
                          "static-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>static</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Provides the functionality needed to assign a
                          static Internet Protocol (IP) address to a network
                          interface
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="swap-bootscripts" name=
                          "swap-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>swap</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Enables and disables swap files and partitions
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sysctl-bootscripts" name=
                          "sysctl-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sysctl</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Loads system configuration values from <code class=
                          "filename">/etc/sysctl.conf</code>, if that file
                          exists, into the running kernel
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="sysklogd-bootscripts" name=
                          "sysklogd-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>sysklogd</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Starts and stops the system and kernel log daemons
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="template-bootscripts" name=
                          "template-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>template</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A template to create custom bootscripts for other
                          daemons
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="udev-bootscripts" name=
                          "udev-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>udev</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Prepares the <code class="filename">/dev</code>
                          directory and starts Udev
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="udev-retry-bootscripts" name=
                          "udev-retry-bootscripts"></a><span class=
                          "term"><span class=
                          "command"><strong>udev_retry</strong></span></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Retries failed udev uevents, and copies generated
                          rules files from to <code class=
                          "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d</code> if required
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-usage" name=
                    "ch-scripts-usage"></a>7.7.&nbsp;How Do These Bootscripts
                    Work?
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is
              based on a concept of <span class=
              "emphasis"><em>run-levels</em></span>. It can be quite
              different from one system to another, so it cannot be assumed
              that because things worked in one particular Linux
              distribution, they should work the same in LFS too. LFS has its
              own way of doing things, but it respects generally accepted
              standards.
            </p>
            <p>
              SysVinit (which will be referred to as &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">init</span>&rdquo; from now on) works using a
              run-levels scheme. There are seven (numbered 0 to 6) run-levels
              (actually, there are more run-levels, but they are for special
              cases and are generally not used. See <code class=
              "filename">init(8)</code> for more details), and each one of
              those corresponds to the actions the computer is supposed to
              perform when it starts up. The default run-level is 3. Here are
              the descriptions of the different run-levels as they are
              implemented:
            </p>
            <div class="literallayout">
              <p>
                0:&nbsp;halt&nbsp;the&nbsp;computer<br />
                1:&nbsp;single-user&nbsp;mode<br />
                2:&nbsp;multi-user&nbsp;mode&nbsp;without&nbsp;networking<br />

                3:&nbsp;multi-user&nbsp;mode&nbsp;with&nbsp;networking<br />
                4:&nbsp;reserved&nbsp;for&nbsp;customization,&nbsp;otherwise&nbsp;does&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;as&nbsp;3<br />

                5:&nbsp;same&nbsp;as&nbsp;4,&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;usually&nbsp;used&nbsp;for&nbsp;GUI&nbsp;login&nbsp;(like&nbsp;X's&nbsp;<span class="command"><strong>xdm</strong></span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;KDE's&nbsp;<span class="command"><strong>kdm</strong></span>)<br />

                6:&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;the&nbsp;computer
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-sysvinit" name="conf-sysvinit"></a>7.7.1.
                Configuring Sysvinit
              </h3>
              <p>
                During the kernel initialization, the first program that is
                run is either specified on the command line or, by default
                <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span>. This
                program reads the initialization file <code class=
                "filename">/etc/inittab</code>. Create this file with:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

# End /etc/inittab</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page
                for <span class="emphasis"><em>inittab</em></span>. For LFS,
                the key command that is run is <span class=
                "command"><strong>rc</strong></span>. The intialization file
                above will instruct <span class=
                "command"><strong>rc</strong></span> to run all the scripts
                starting with an S in the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d</code> directory followed by
                all the scripts starting with an S in the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</code> directory where the
                question mark is specified by the initdefault value.
              </p>
              <p>
                As a convenience, the <span class=
                "command"><strong>rc</strong></span> script reads a library
                of functions in <code class=
                "filename">/lib/lsb/init-functions</code>. This library also
                reads an optional configuration file, <code class=
                "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>. Any of the system
                configuration file parameters described in subsequent
                sections can be alternatively placed in this file allowing
                consolidation of all system parameters in this one file.
              </p>
              <p>
                As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs
                all output to <code class="filename">/run/var/bootlog</code>.
                Since the <code class="filename">/run</code> directory is a
                tmpfs, this file is not persistent across boots, however it
                is appended to the more permanent file <code class=
                "filename">/var/log/boot.log</code> at the end of the boot
                process.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="init-levels" name="init-levels"></a>7.7.2. Changing
                Run Levels
              </h3>
              <p>
                Changing run-levels is done with <span class=
                "command"><strong>init <em class=
                "replaceable"><code>&lt;runlevel&gt;</code></em></strong></span>,
                where <em class=
                "replaceable"><code>&lt;runlevel&gt;</code></em> is the
                target run-level. For example, to reboot the computer, a user
                could issue the <span class="command"><strong>init
                6</strong></span> command, which is an alias for the
                <span class="command"><strong>reboot</strong></span> command.
                Likewise, <span class="command"><strong>init
                0</strong></span> is an alias for the <span class=
                "command"><strong>halt</strong></span> command.
              </p>
              <p>
                There are a number of directories under <code class=
                "filename">/etc/rc.d</code> that look like <code class=
                "filename">rc?.d</code> (where ? is the number of the
                run-level) and <code class="filename">rcsysinit.d</code>, all
                containing a number of symbolic links. Some begin with a
                <span class="emphasis"><em>K</em></span>, the others begin
                with an <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>, and all of
                them have two numbers following the initial letter. The K
                means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to start a
                service. The numbers determine the order in which the scripts
                are run, from 00 to 99&mdash;the lower the number the earlier
                it gets executed. When <span class=
                "command"><strong>init</strong></span> switches to another
                run-level, the appropriate services are either started or
                stopped, depending on the runlevel chosen.
              </p>
              <p>
                The real scripts are in <code class=
                "filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. They do the actual work,
                and the symlinks all point to them. K links and S links point
                to the same script in <code class=
                "filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. This is because the
                scripts can be called with different parameters like
                <em class="parameter"><code>start</code></em>, <em class=
                "parameter"><code>stop</code></em>, <em class=
                "parameter"><code>restart</code></em>, <em class=
                "parameter"><code>reload</code></em>, and <em class=
                "parameter"><code>status</code></em>. When a K link is
                encountered, the appropriate script is run with the
                <em class="parameter"><code>stop</code></em> argument. When
                an S link is encountered, the appropriate script is run with
                the <em class="parameter"><code>start</code></em> argument.
              </p>
              <p>
                There is one exception to this explanation. Links that start
                with an <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span> in the
                <code class="filename">rc0.d</code> and <code class=
                "filename">rc6.d</code> directories will not cause anything
                to be started. They will be called with the parameter
                <em class="parameter"><code>stop</code></em> to stop
                something. The logic behind this is that when a user is going
                to reboot or halt the system, nothing needs to be started.
                The system only needs to be stopped.
              </p>
              <p>
                These are descriptions of what the arguments make the scripts
                do:
              </p>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>start</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The service is started.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>stop</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The service is stopped.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>restart</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The service is stopped and then started again.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>reload</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      The configuration of the service is updated. This is
                      used after the configuration file of a service was
                      modified, when the service does not need to be
                      restarted.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>status</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      Tells if the service is running and with which PIDs.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after
                all, it is your own LFS system). The files given here are an
                example of how it can be done.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-hostname" name=
                    "ch-scripts-hostname"></a>7.8.&nbsp;Configuring the
                    system hostname
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Part of the job of the <span class=
              "command"><strong>localnet</strong></span> script is setting
              the system's hostname. This needs to be configured in the
              <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code> file.
            </p>
            <p>
              Create the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>
              file and enter a hostname by running:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo "HOSTNAME=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;lfs&gt;</code></em>" &gt; /etc/sysconfig/network</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;lfs&gt;</code></em> needs to
              be replaced with the name given to the computer. Do not enter
              the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) here. That information
              is put in the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-setclock" name=
                    "ch-scripts-setclock"></a>7.9.&nbsp;Configuring the
                    setclock Script
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The <span class="command"><strong>setclock</strong></span>
              script reads the time from the hardware clock, also known as
              the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
              clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will
              convert the hardware clock's time to the local time using the
              <code class="filename">/etc/localtime</code> file (which tells
              the <span class="command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span>
              program which timezone the user is in). There is no way to
              detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this
              needs to be configured manually.
            </p>
            <p>
              The <span class="command"><strong>setclock</strong></span> is
              run via <span class="application">udev</span> when the kernel
              detects the hardware capability upon boot. It can also be run
              manually with the stop parameter to store the system time to
              the CMOS clock.
            </p>
            <p>
              If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set
              to UTC, find out by running the <strong class=
              "userinput"><code>hwclock --localtime --show</code></strong>
              command. This will display what the current time is according
              to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your watch
              says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If the
              output from <span class=
              "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> is not local time,
              chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or
              subtracting the proper amount of hours for the timezone to the
              time shown by <span class=
              "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span>. For example, if you
              are currently in the MST timezone, which is also known as GMT
              -0700, add seven hours to the local time.
            </p>
            <p>
              Change the value of the <code class="envar">UTC</code> variable
              below to a value of <em class="parameter"><code>0</code></em>
              (zero) if the hardware clock is <span class=
              "emphasis"><em>not</em></span> set to UTC time.
            </p>
            <p>
              Create a new file <code class=
              "filename">/etc/sysconfig/clock</code> by running the
              following:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/clock &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock

UTC=1

# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,
# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.
CLOCKPARAMS=

# End /etc/sysconfig/clock</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is
              available at <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt">
              http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt</a>.
              It explains issues such as time zones, UTC, and the
              <code class="envar">TZ</code> environment variable.
            </p>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC paramaters may be alternatively set
                in the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>
                file.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-console" name=
                    "ch-scripts-console"></a>7.10.&nbsp;Configuring the Linux
                    Console
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              This section discusses how to configure the <span class=
              "command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript that sets
              up the keyboard map, console font and console kernel log level.
              If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British
              pound sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard
              is a U.S. one, much of this section can be skipped. Without the
              configuration file, (or equivalent settings in <code class=
              "filename">rc.site</code>), the <span class=
              "command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript will do
              nothing.
            </p>
            <p>
              The <span class="command"><strong>console</strong></span>
              script reads the <code class=
              "filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file for configuration
              information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used.
              Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see
              <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html</a>.
              If still in doubt, look in the <code class=
              "filename">/lib/kbd</code> directory for valid keymaps and
              screen fonts. Read <code class="filename">loadkeys(1)</code>
              and <code class="filename">setfont(8)</code> manual pages to
              determine the correct arguments for these programs.
            </p>
            <p>
              The <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file
              should contain lines of the form: VARIABLE="value". The
              following variables are recognized:
            </p>
            <div class="variablelist">
              <dl>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term">LOGLEVEL</span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages
                    sent to the console as set by <span class=
                    "command"><strong>dmesg</strong></span>. Valid levels are
                    from "1" (no messages) to "8". The default level is "7".
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term">KEYMAP</span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This variable specifies the arguments for the
                    <span class="command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span>
                    program, typically, the name of keymap to load, e.g.,
                    &ldquo;<span class="quote">es</span>&rdquo;. If this
                    variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the
                    <span class="command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span>
                    program, and the default kernel keymap will be used.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term">KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS</span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for
                    the second call to the <span class=
                    "command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span> program. This
                    is useful if the stock keymap is not completely
                    satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g.,
                    to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally
                    doesn't have it, set this variable to &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">euro2</span>&rdquo;.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term">FONT</span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    This variable specifies the arguments for the
                    <span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span>
                    program. Typically, this includes the font name,
                    &ldquo;<span class="quote">-m</span>&rdquo;, and the name
                    of the application character map to load. E.g., in order
                    to load the &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">lat1-16</span>&rdquo; font together with the
                    &ldquo;<span class="quote">8859-1</span>&rdquo;
                    application character map (as it is appropriate in the
                    USA), set this variable to &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">lat1-16 -m 8859-1</span>&rdquo;. In UTF-8 mode,
                    the kernel uses the application character map for
                    conversion of composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to
                    UTF-8, and thus the argument of the "-m" parameter should
                    be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the
                    keymap.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term">UNICODE</span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    Set this variable to &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">1</span>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">yes</span>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">true</span>&rdquo; in order to put the console
                    into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales
                    and harmful otherwise.
                  </p>
                </dd>
                <dt>
                  <span class="term">LEGACY_CHARSET</span>
                </dt>
                <dd>
                  <p>
                    For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode
                    keymap in the Kbd package. The <span class=
                    "command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript will
                    convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this
                    variable is set to the encoding of the available
                    non-UTF-8 keymap.
                  </p>
                </dd>
              </dl>
            </div>
            <p>
              Some examples:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT
                    variables are generally needed. E.g., for a Polish setup,
                    one would use:
                  </p>
                  <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

KEYMAP="pl2"
FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a
                    stock keymap slightly. The following example adds the
                    Euro symbol to the German keymap:
                  </p>
                  <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The following is a Unicode-enabled example for Bulgarian,
                    where a stock UTF-8 keymap exists:
                  </p>
                  <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in the
                    previous example, bright colors are no longer available
                    on the Linux console unless a framebuffer is used. If one
                    wants to have bright colors without framebuffer and can
                    live without characters not belonging to his language, it
                    is still possible to use a language-specific 256-glyph
                    font, as illustrated below:
                  </p>
                  <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="cyr-sun16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion
                    from ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in
                    Unicode mode:
                  </p>
                  <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
LEGACY_CHARSET="iso-8859-15"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't
                    produce a character by themselves, but put an accent on
                    the character produced by the next key) or define
                    composition rules (such as: &ldquo;<span class=
                    "quote">press Ctrl+. A E to get Æ</span>&rdquo; in the
                    default keymap). Linux-3.8.1 interprets dead keys and
                    composition rules in the keymap correctly only when the
                    source characters to be composed together are not
                    multibyte. This deficiency doesn't affect keymaps for
                    European languages, because there accents are added to
                    unaccented ASCII characters, or two ASCII characters are
                    composed together. However, in UTF-8 mode it is a
                    problem, e.g., for the Greek language, where one
                    sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter
                    &ldquo;<span class="quote">alpha</span>&rdquo;. The
                    solution is either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or to
                    install the X window system that doesn't have this
                    limitation in its input handling.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    For Chinese, Japanese, Korean and some other languages,
                    the Linux console cannot be configured to display the
                    needed characters. Users who need such languages should
                    install the X Window System, fonts that cover the
                    necessary character ranges, and the proper input method
                    (e.g., SCIM, it supports a wide variety of languages).
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                The <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file
                only controls the Linux text console localization. It has
                nothing to do with setting the proper keyboard layout and
                terminal fonts in the X Window System, with ssh sessions or
                with a serial console. In such situations, limitations
                mentioned in the last two list items above do not apply.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-sysklogd" name=
                    "ch-scripts-sysklogd"></a>7.11.&nbsp;Configuring the
                    sysklogd Script
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The <code class="filename">sysklogd</code> script invokes the
              <span class="command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span> program
              with the <em class="parameter"><code>-m 0</code></em> option.
              This option turns off the periodic timestamp mark that
              <span class="command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span> writes to
              the log files every 20 minutes by default. If you want to turn
              on this periodic timestamp mark, edit <code class=
              "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> and define the
              variable SYSKLOGD_PARMS to the desired value. For instance, to
              remove all parameters, set the variable to a null value:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
SYSKLOGD_PARMS=
</pre>
            <p>
              See <strong class="userinput"><code>man syslogd</code></strong>
              for more options.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-site" name=
                    "ch-scripts-site"></a>7.12.&nbsp;The rc.site File
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The optional <code class=
              "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file contains settings
              that are automatically set for each boot script. It can
              alternatively set the values specified in the <code class=
              "filename">hostname</code>, <code class=
              "filename">console</code>, and <code class=
              "filename">clock</code> files in the <code class=
              "filename">/etc/sysconfig/</code> directory. If the associated
              variables are present in both these separate files and
              <code class="filename">rc.site</code>, the values in the script
              specific files have precedence.
            </p>
            <p>
              <code class="filename">rc.site</code> also contains parameters
              that can customize other aspects of the boot process. Setting
              the IPROMPT variable will enable selective running of
              bootscripts. Other options are described in the file comments.
              The default version of the file is as follows:
            </p>
            <pre class="auto">
# rc.site
# Optional parameters for boot scripts.

# Distro Information
# These values, if specified here, override the defaults
#DISTRO="Linux From Scratch" # The distro name
#DISTRO_CONTACT="lfs-dev@linuxfromscratch.org" # Bug report address
#DISTRO_MINI="LFS" # Short name used in filenames for distro config

# Define custom colors used in messages printed to the screen

# Please consult `man console_codes` for more information
# under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section
#
# Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font,
# the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to
# the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font.  This does
# not affect framebuffer consoles

# These values, if specified here, override the defaults
#BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Blue
#FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Red
#INFO="\\033[1;36m"    # Cyan
#NORMAL="\\033[0;39m"  # Grey
#SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Green
#WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Yellow

# Use a colored prefix
# These values, if specified here, override the defaults
#BMPREFIX="     "
#SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS}  *  ${NORMAL}"
#FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL}"
#WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL}"

# Interactive startup
#IPROMPT="yes" # Whether to display the interactive boot prompt
#itime="3"    # The amount of time (in seconds) to display the prompt

# The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes
#wlen=$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c )
#welcome_message="Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}"

# The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes
#ilen=$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c )
#i_message="Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup"

# Set scripts to skip the file system check on reboot
#FASTBOOT=yes

# Skip reading from the console
#HEADLESS=yes

# Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev_retry
#OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=yes

# Write out fsck progress if yes
#VERBOSE_FSCK=no

# Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev
#OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y

# Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev_retry
#OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=yes

# Skip cleaning /tmp if yes
#SKIPTMPCLEAN=no

# For setclock
#UTC=1
#CLOCKPARAMS=

# For consolelog
#LOGLEVEL=5

# For network
#HOSTNAME=mylfs

# Delay between TERM and KILL signals at shutdown
#KILLDELAY=3

# Optional sysklogd parameters
#SYSKLOGD_PARMS="-m 0"

# Console parameters
#UNICODE=1
#KEYMAP="de-latin1"
#KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
#FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15"
#LEGACY_CHARSET=

</pre>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                7.12.1. Customizing the Boot and Shutdown Scripts
              </h3>
              <p>
                The LFS boot scripts boot and shut down a system in a fairly
                efficient manner, but there are a few tweaks that you can
                make in the rc.site file to improve speed even more and to
                adjust messages according to your preferences. To do this,
                adjust the settings in the <code class=
                "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file above.
              </p>
              <div class="itemizedlist">
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      During the boot script <code class=
                      "filename">udev</code>, there is a call to <span class=
                      "command"><strong>udev settle</strong></span> that
                      requires some time to complete. This time may or may
                      not be required depending on devices present in the
                      system. If you only have simple partitions and a single
                      ethernet card, the boot process will probably not need
                      to wait for this command. To skip it, set the variable
                      OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      The boot script <code class=
                      "filename">udev_retry</code> also runs <span class=
                      "command"><strong>udev settle</strong></span> by
                      default. This command is only needed by default if the
                      <code class="filename">/var</code> directory is
                      separately mounted. This is because the clock needs the
                      file <code class=
                      "filename">/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime</code>. Other
                      customizations may also need to wait for udev to
                      complete, but in many installations it is not needed.
                      Skip the command by setting the variable
                      OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=y.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      By default, the file system checks are silent. This can
                      appear to be a delay during the bootup process. To turn
                      on the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>fsck</strong></span> output, set the
                      variable VERBOSE_FSCK=y.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      When rebooting, you may want to skip the filesystem
                      check, <span class=
                      "command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>, completely. To
                      do this, either create the file <code class=
                      "filename">/fastboot</code> or reboot the system with
                      the command <span class=
                      "command"><strong>/sbin/shutdown -f -r
                      now</strong></span>. On the other hand, you can force
                      all file systems to be checked by creating <code class=
                      "filename">/forcefsck</code> or running <span class=
                      "command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span> with the
                      <em class="parameter"><code>-F</code></em> parameter
                      instead of <em class="parameter"><code>-f</code></em>.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Setting the variable FASTBOOT=y will disable
                      <span class="command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>
                      during the boot process until it is removed. This is
                      not recommended on a permanent basis.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      Normally, all files in the <code class=
                      "filename">/tmp</code> directory are deleted at boot
                      time. Depending on the number of files or directories
                      present, this can cause a noticeable delay in the boot
                      process. To skip removing these files set the variable
                      SKIPTMPCLEAN=y.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <p>
                      During shutdown, the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>init</strong></span> program sends a
                      TERM signal to each program it has started (e.g.
                      agetty), waits for a set time (default 3 seconds), and
                      sends each process a KILL signal and waits again. This
                      process is repeated in the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span> script
                      for any processes that are not shut down by their own
                      scripts. The delay for <span class=
                      "command"><strong>init</strong></span> can be set by
                      passing a parameter. For example to remove the delay in
                      <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span>,
                      pass the -t0 parameter when shutting down or rebooting
                      (e.g. <span class="command"><strong>/sbin/shutdown -t0
                      -r now</strong></span>). The delay for the <span class=
                      "command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span> script
                      can be skipped by setting the parameter KILLDELAY=0.
                    </p>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-profile" name=
                    "ch-scripts-profile"></a>7.13.&nbsp;The Bash Shell
                    Startup Files
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The shell program <span class=
              "command"><strong>/bin/bash</strong></span> (hereafter referred
              to as &ldquo;<span class="quote">the shell</span>&rdquo;) uses
              a collection of startup files to help create an environment to
              run in. Each file has a specific use and may affect login and
              interactive environments differently. The files in the
              <code class="filename">/etc</code> directory provide global
              settings. If an equivalent file exists in the home directory,
              it may override the global settings.
            </p>
            <p>
              An interactive login shell is started after a successful login,
              using <span class="command"><strong>/bin/login</strong></span>,
              by reading the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file.
              An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line
              (e.g., <code class="prompt">[prompt]$</code><span class=
              "command"><strong>/bin/bash</strong></span>). A non-interactive
              shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is
              non-interactive because it is processing a script and not
              waiting for user input between commands.
            </p>
            <p>
              For more information, see <span class="command"><strong>info
              bash</strong></span> under the <span class="emphasis"><em>Bash
              Startup Files and Interactive Shells</em></span> section.
            </p>
            <p>
              The files <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> and
              <code class="filename">~/.bash_profile</code> are read when the
              shell is invoked as an interactive login shell.
            </p>
            <p>
              The base <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> below sets
              some environment variables necessary for native language
              support. Setting them properly results in:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The output of programs translated into the native
                    language
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Correct classification of characters into letters, digits
                    and other classes. This is necessary for <span class=
                    "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> to properly accept
                    non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English
                    locales
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Appropriate default paper size
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;ll&gt;</code></em>
              below with the two-letter code for the desired language (e.g.,
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">en</span>&rdquo;) and <em class=
              "replaceable"><code>&lt;CC&gt;</code></em> with the two-letter
              code for the appropriate country (e.g., &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">GB</span>&rdquo;). <em class=
              "replaceable"><code>&lt;charmap&gt;</code></em> should be
              replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale.
              Optional modifiers such as &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">@euro</span>&rdquo; may also be present.
            </p>
            <p>
              The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by
              running the following command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">locale -a</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g.,
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">ISO-8859-1</span>&rdquo; is also
              referred to as &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">iso8859-1</span>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">iso88591</span>&rdquo;. Some applications cannot handle
              the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require that
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">UTF-8</span>&rdquo; is written as
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">UTF-8</span>&rdquo;, not
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">utf8</span>&rdquo;), so it is safest
              in most cases to choose the canonical name for a particular
              locale. To determine the canonical name, run the following
              command, where <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;locale
              name&gt;</code></em> is the output given by <span class=
              "command"><strong>locale -a</strong></span> for your preferred
              locale (&ldquo;<span class="quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>&rdquo;
              in our example).
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">LC_ALL=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;locale name&gt;</code></em> locale charmap</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              For the &ldquo;<span class="quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>&rdquo;
              locale, the above command will print:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">ISO-8859-1</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              This results in a final locale setting of &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">en_GB.ISO-8859-1</span>&rdquo;. It is important that
              the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior to
              it being added to the Bash startup files:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale language
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale charmap
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale int_curr_symbol
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale int_prefix</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The above commands should print the language name, the
              character encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and
              the prefix to dial before the telephone number in order to get
              into the country. If any of the commands above fail with a
              message similar to the one shown below, this means that your
              locale was either not installed in Chapter 6 or is not
              supported by the default installation of Glibc.
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              If this happens, you should either install the desired locale
              using the <span class=
              "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command, or
              consider choosing a different locale. Further instructions
              assume that there are no such error messages from Glibc.
            </p>
            <p>
              Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen
              locale. One example is the X library (part of the X Window
              System), which outputs the following error message if the
              locale does not exactly match one of the character map names in
              its internal files:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              In several cases Xlib expects that the character map will be
              listed in uppercase notation with canonical dashes. For
              instance, "ISO-8859-1" rather than "iso88591". It is also
              possible to find an appropriate specification by removing the
              charmap part of the locale specification. This can be checked
              by running the <span class="command"><strong>locale
              charmap</strong></span> command in both locales. For example,
              one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to
              "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib.
            </p>
            <p>
              Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not
              necessarily display any error messages) if the locale name does
              not meet their expectations. In those cases, investigating how
              other Linux distributions support your locale might provide
              some useful information.
            </p>
            <p>
              Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create
              the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> file:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/profile

export LANG=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;ll&gt;_&lt;CC&gt;.&lt;charmap&gt;&lt;@modifiers&gt;</code></em>

# End /etc/profile</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              The &ldquo;<span class="quote">C</span>&rdquo; (default) and
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">en_US</span>&rdquo; (the recommended
              one for United States English users) locales are different.
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">C</span>&rdquo; uses the US-ASCII
              7-bit character set, and treats bytes with the high bit set as
              invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the <span class=
              "command"><strong>ls</strong></span> command substitutes them
              with question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send
              mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in
              non-RFC-conforming messages being sent (the charset in the
              outgoing mail is indicated as &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">unknown 8-bit</span>&rdquo;). So you can use the
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">C</span>&rdquo; locale only if you
              are sure that you will never need 8-bit characters.
            </p>
            <p>
              UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by many programs.
              Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such
              problems, see <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/introduction/locale-issues.html">
              http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/introduction/locale-issues.html</a>.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-scripts-inputrc" name=
                    "ch-scripts-inputrc"></a>7.14.&nbsp;Creating the
                    /etc/inputrc File
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The <code class="filename">inputrc</code> file handles keyboard
              mapping for specific situations. This file is the startup file
              used by Readline &mdash; the input-related library &mdash; used
              by Bash and most other shells.
            </p>
            <p>
              Most people do not need user-specific keyboard mappings so the
              command below creates a global <code class=
              "filename">/etc/inputrc</code> used by everyone who logs in. If
              you later decide you need to override the defaults on a
              per-user basis, you can create a <code class=
              "filename">.inputrc</code> file in the user's home directory
              with the modified mappings.
            </p>
            <p>
              For more information on how to edit the <code class=
              "filename">inputrc</code> file, see <span class=
              "command"><strong>info bash</strong></span> under the
              <span class="emphasis"><em>Readline Init File</em></span>
              section. <span class="command"><strong>info
              readline</strong></span> is also a good source of information.
            </p>
            <p>
              Below is a generic global <code class="filename">inputrc</code>
              along with comments to explain what the various options do.
              Note that comments cannot be on the same line as commands.
              Create the file using the following command:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;

# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off

# Enable 8bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On

# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off

# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On

# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none

# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word

# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert

# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line

# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line

# End /etc/inputrc</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-bootable" name=
                  "chapter-bootable"></a>Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Making the LFS
                  System Bootable
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-bootable-introduction" name=
                    "ch-bootable-introduction"></a>8.1.&nbsp;Introduction
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              It is time to make the LFS system bootable. This chapter
              discusses creating an <code class="filename">fstab</code> file,
              building a kernel for the new LFS system, and installing the
              GRUB boot loader so that the LFS system can be selected for
              booting at startup.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-bootable-fstab" name=
                    "ch-bootable-fstab"></a>8.2.&nbsp;Creating the /etc/fstab
                    File
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code> file is used by
              some programs to determine where file systems are to be mounted
              by default, in which order, and which must be checked (for
              integrity errors) prior to mounting. Create a new file systems
              table like this:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/fstab

# file system  mount-point  type     options             dump  fsck
#                                                              order

/dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>     /            <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;fff&gt;</code></em>    defaults            1     1
/dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em>     swap         swap     pri=1               0     0
proc           /proc        proc     nosuid,noexec,nodev 0     0
sysfs          /sys         sysfs    nosuid,noexec,nodev 0     0
devpts         /dev/pts     devpts   gid=5,mode=620      0     0
tmpfs          /run         tmpfs    defaults            0     0
devtmpfs       /dev         devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid    0     0

# End /etc/fstab</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>,
              <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em>, and
              <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;fff&gt;</code></em> with the
              values appropriate for the system, for example, <code class=
              "filename">hda2</code>, <code class="filename">hda5</code>, and
              <code class="systemitem">ext3</code>. For details on the six
              fields in this file, see <span class="command"><strong>man 5
              fstab</strong></span>.
            </p>
            <p>
              Filesystems with MS-DOS or Windows origin (i.e.: vfat, ntfs,
              smbfs, cifs, iso9660, udf) need the &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">iocharset</span>&rdquo; mount option in order for
              non-ASCII characters in file names to be interpreted properly.
              The value of this option should be the same as the character
              set of your locale, adjusted in such a way that the kernel
              understands it. This works if the relevant character set
              definition (found under File systems -&gt; Native Language
              Support) has been compiled into the kernel or built as a
              module. The &ldquo;<span class="quote">codepage</span>&rdquo;
              option is also needed for vfat and smbfs filesystems. It should
              be set to the codepage number used under MS-DOS in your
              country. E.g., in order to mount USB flash drives, a
              ru_RU.KOI8-R user would need the following in the options
              portion of its mount line in <code class=
              "filename">/etc/fstab</code>:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"literal">noauto,user,quiet,showexec,iocharset=koi8r,codepage=866</code>
</pre>
            <p>
              The corresponding options fragment for ru_RU.UTF-8 users is:
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"literal">noauto,user,quiet,showexec,iocharset=utf8,codepage=866</code>
</pre>
            <div class="admon note">
              <h3>
                Note
              </h3>
              <p>
                In the latter case, the kernel emits the following message:
              </p>
              <pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">FAT: utf8 is not a recommended IO charset for FAT filesystems,
    filesystem will be case sensitive!</code>
</pre>
              <p>
                This negative recommendation should be ignored, since all
                other values of the &ldquo;<span class=
                "quote">iocharset</span>&rdquo; option result in wrong
                display of filenames in UTF-8 locales.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p>
              It is also possible to specify default codepage and iocharset
              values for some filesystems during kernel configuration. The
              relevant parameters are named &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">Default NLS Option</span>&rdquo; (<code class=
              "option">CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT)</code>, &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">Default Remote NLS Option</span>&rdquo; (<code class=
              "option">CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT</code>), &ldquo;<span class=
              "quote">Default codepage for FAT</span>&rdquo; (<code class=
              "option">CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE</code>), and
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">Default iocharset for
              FAT</span>&rdquo; (<code class=
              "option">CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET</code>). There is no way
              to specify these settings for the ntfs filesystem at kernel
              compilation time.
            </p>
            <p>
              It is possible to make the ext3 filesystem reliable across
              power failures for some hard disk types. To do this, add the
              <code class="option">barrier=1</code> mount option to the
              appropriate entry in <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>.
              To check if the disk drive supports this option, run <a class=
              "ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/cvs/general/hdparm.html">
              hdparm</a> on the applicable disk drive. For example, if:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">hdparm -I /dev/sda | grep NCQ</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              returns non-empty output, the option is supported.
            </p>
            <p>
              Note: Logical Volume Management (LVM) based partitions cannot
              use the <code class="option">barrier</code> option.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-bootable-kernel" name=
                    "ch-bootable-kernel"></a>8.3.&nbsp;Linux-3.8.1
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <p>
                The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.
              </p>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">1.0 - 5.0 SBU</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">540 - 800 MB</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                8.3.1. Installation of the kernel
              </h3>
              <p>
                Building the kernel involves a few steps&mdash;configuration,
                compilation, and installation. Read the <code class=
                "filename">README</code> file in the kernel source tree for
                alternative methods to the way this book configures the
                kernel.
              </p>
              <p>
                Prepare for compilation by running the following command:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The
                kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to
                each kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being
                clean after un-tarring.
              </p>
              <p>
                Configure the kernel via a menu-driven interface. For general
                information on kernel configuration see <a class="ulink"
                href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt">
                http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt</a>.
                BLFS has some information regarding particular kernel
                configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at
                <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/longindex.html#kernel-config-index">
                http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/longindex.html#kernel-config-index</a>.
              </p>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Due to recent changes in <span class=
                  "application">udev</span>, be sure to select:
                </p>
                <pre class="screen">
Device Drivers  ---&gt;
  Generic Driver Options  ---&gt;
     Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev
</pre>
              </div>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make LANG=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;host_LANG_value&gt;</code></em> LC_ALL= menuconfig</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <p class="title">
                  <b>The meaning of the make parameters:</b>
                </p>
                <dl>
                  <dt>
                    <span class="term"><em class=
                    "parameter"><code>LANG=&lt;host_LANG_value&gt;
                    LC_ALL=</code></em></span>
                  </dt>
                  <dd>
                    <p>
                      This establishes the locale setting to the one used on
                      the host. This is needed for a proper menuconfig
                      ncurses interface line drawing on UTF-8 linux text
                      console.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                      Be sure to replace <em class=
                      "replaceable"><code>&lt;host_LANG_value&gt;</code></em>
                      by the value of the <code class="envar">$LANG</code>
                      variable from your host. If not set, you could use
                      instead the host's value of <code class=
                      "envar">$LC_ALL</code> or <code class=
                      "envar">$LC_CTYPE</code>.
                    </p>
                  </dd>
                </dl>
              </div>
              <p>
                Alternatively, <span class="command"><strong>make
                oldconfig</strong></span> may be more appropriate in some
                situations. See the <code class="filename">README</code> file
                for more information.
              </p>
              <p>
                If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel
                config file, <code class="filename">.config</code>, from the
                host system (assuming it is available) to the unpacked
                <code class="filename">linux-3.8.1</code> directory. However,
                we do not recommend this option. It is often better to
                explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel
                configuration from scratch.
              </p>
              <p>
                Compile the kernel image and modules:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                If using kernel modules, module configuration in <code class=
                "filename">/etc/modprobe.d</code> may be required.
                Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is
                located in <a class="xref" href="#ch-scripts-udev" title=
                "7.4.&nbsp;Device and Module Handling on an LFS System">Section&nbsp;7.4,
                &ldquo;Device and Module Handling on an LFS System&rdquo;</a>
                and in the kernel documentation in the <code class=
                "filename">linux-3.8.1/Documentation</code> directory. Also,
                <code class="filename">modprobe.conf(5)</code> may be of
                interest.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the modules, if the kernel configuration uses them:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make modules_install</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are
                required to complete the installation. Some files need to be
                copied to the <code class="filename">/boot</code> directory.
              </p>
              <p>
                The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the
                platform being used. The filename below can be changed to
                suit your taste, but the stem of the filename should be
                <span class="emphasis"><em>vmlinuz</em></span> to be
                compatible with the automatic setup of the boot process
                described in the next section. The following command assumes
                an x86 architecture:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cp -v arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.1-lfs-7.3</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                <code class="filename">System.map</code> is a symbol file for
                the kernel. It maps the function entry points of every
                function in the kernel API, as well as the addresses of the
                kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is used as
                a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the
                following command to install the map file:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v System.map /boot/System.map-3.8.1</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                The kernel configuration file <code class=
                "filename">.config</code> produced by the <span class=
                "command"><strong>make menuconfig</strong></span> step above
                contains all the configuration selections for the kernel that
                was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep this file for
                future reference:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v .config /boot/config-3.8.1</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-3.8.1
cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-3.8.1</kbd>
</pre>
              <p>
                It is important to note that the files in the kernel source
                directory are not owned by <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>root</em></span>. Whenever a package is
                unpacked as user <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>
                (like we did inside chroot), the files have the user and
                group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer.
                This is usually not a problem for any other package to be
                installed because the source tree is removed after the
                installation. However, the Linux source tree is often
                retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance
                that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to
                somebody on the machine. That person would then have write
                access to the kernel source.
              </p>
              <p>
                If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run
                <span class="command"><strong>chown -R 0:0</strong></span> on
                the <code class="filename">linux-3.8.1</code> directory to
                ensure all files are owned by user <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>root</em></span>.
              </p>
              <div class="admon warning">
                <h3>
                  Warning
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink
                  from <code class="filename">/usr/src/linux</code> pointing
                  to the kernel source directory. This is specific to kernels
                  prior to the 2.6 series and <span class="emphasis"><em>must
                  not</em></span> be created on an LFS system as it can cause
                  problems for packages you may wish to build once your base
                  LFS system is complete.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="admon warning">
                <h3>
                  Warning
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The headers in the system's <code class=
                  "filename">include</code> directory should <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>always</em></span> be the ones against which
                  Glibc was compiled, that is, the sanitised headers from
                  this Linux kernel tarball. Therefore, they should
                  <span class="emphasis"><em>never</em></span> be replaced by
                  either the raw kernel headers or any other kernel sanitized
                  headers.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="conf-modprobe" name="conf-modprobe"></a>8.3.2.
                Configuring Linux Module Load Order
              </h3>
              <p>
                Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but
                sometimes it needs some specific direction. The program that
                loads modules, <span class=
                "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> or <span class=
                "command"><strong>insmod</strong></span>, uses <code class=
                "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> for this purpose.
                This file needs to be created so that if the USB drivers
                (ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have been built as modules,
                they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd needs to
                be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a
                warning being output at boot time.
              </p>
              <p>
                Create a new file <code class=
                "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> by running the
                following:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d
cat &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf

install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true
install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true

# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                <a id="contents-kernel" name="contents-kernel"></a>8.3.3.
                Contents of Linux
              </h3>
              <div class="segmentedlist">
                <div class="seglistitem">
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">config-3.8.1,
                    vmlinux-3.8.1-lfs-7.3-3.8.1, and System.map-3.8.1</span>
                  </div>
                  <div class="seg">
                    <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
                    <span class="segbody">/lib/modules,
                    /usr/share/doc/linux-3.8.1</span>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="variablelist">
                <h4>
                  <a id="idp15563664" name="idp15563664"></a>Short
                  Descriptions
                </h4>
                <table border="0">
                  <col align="left" valign="top" />
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="config" name="config"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">config-3.8.1</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          Contains all the configuration selections for the
                          kernel
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="lfskernel" name="lfskernel"></a><span class=
                          "term"><code class=
                          "filename">vmlinux-3.8.1-lfs-7.3</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the
                          computer, the kernel is the first part of the
                          operating system that gets loaded. It detects and
                          initializes all components of the computer's
                          hardware, then makes these components available as
                          a tree of files to the software and turns a single
                          CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running
                          scores of programs seemingly at the same time
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          <a id="System.map" name=
                          "System.map"></a><span class="term"><code class=
                          "filename">System.map-3.8.1</code></span>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <p>
                          A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry
                          points and addresses of all the functions and data
                          structures in the kernel
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-bootable-grub" name=
                    "ch-bootable-grub"></a>8.4.&nbsp;Using GRUB to Set Up the
                    Boot Process
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                8.4.1. Introduction
              </h3>
              <div class="admon warning">
                <h3>
                  Warning
                </h3>
                <p>
                  Configuring GRUB incorrectly can render your system
                  inoperable without an alternate boot device such as a
                  CD-ROM. This section is not required to boot your LFS
                  system. You may just want to modify your current boot
                  loader, e.g. Grub-Legacy, GRUB2, or LILO.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to
                &ldquo;<span class="quote">rescue</span>&rdquo; the computer
                if the computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not
                already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for
                the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS
                and install <strong class=
                "userinput"><code>xorriso</code></strong> from the <a class=
                "ulink" href=
                "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/multimedia/libisoburn.html">
                libisoburn</a> package.
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd /tmp &amp;&amp;
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso &amp;&amp;
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                8.4.2. GRUB Naming Conventions
              </h3>
              <p>
                GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions
                in the form of <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>(hdn,m)</em></span>, where <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>n</em></span> is the hard drive number and
                <span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span> is the partition
                number. The hard drive number starts from zero, but the
                partition number starts from one for normal partitions and
                five for extended partitions. Note that this is different
                from earlier versions where both numbers started from zero.
                For example, partition <code class="filename">sda1</code> is
                <span class="emphasis"><em>(hd0,1)</em></span> to GRUB and
                <code class="filename">sdb3</code> is <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>(hd1,3)</em></span>. In contrast to Linux,
                GRUB does not consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For
                example, if using a CD on <code class="filename">hdb</code>
                and a second hard drive on <code class="filename">hdc</code>,
                that second hard drive would still be <span class=
                "emphasis"><em>(hd1)</em></span>.
              </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                8.4.3. Setting Up the Configuration
              </h3>
              <p>
                GRUB works by writing data to the first physical track of the
                hard disk. This area is not part of any file system. The
                programs there access GRUB modules in the boot partition. The
                default location is /boot/grub/.
              </p>
              <p>
                The location of the boot partition is a choice of the user
                that affects the configuration. One recommendation is to have
                a separate small (suggested size is 100 MB) partition just
                for boot information. That way each build, whether LFS or
                some commercial distro, can access the same boot files and
                access can be made from any booted system. If you choose to
                do this, you will need to mount the separate partition, move
                all files in the current <code class="filename">/boot</code>
                directory (e.g. the linux kernel you just built in the
                previous section) to the new partition. You will then need to
                unmount the partition and remount it as <code class=
                "filename">/boot</code>. If you do this, be sure to update
                <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>.
              </p>
              <p>
                Using the current lfs partition will also work, but
                configuration for multiple systems is more difficult.
              </p>
              <p>
                Using the above information, determine the appropriate
                designator for the root partition (or boot partition, if a
                separate one is used). For the following example, it is
                assumed that the root (or separate boot) partition is
                <code class="filename">sda2</code>.
              </p>
              <p>
                Install the GRUB files into <code class=
                "filename">/boot/grub</code> and set up the boot track:
              </p>
              <div class="admon warning">
                <h3>
                  Warning
                </h3>
                <p>
                  The following command will overwrite the current boot
                  loader. Do not run the command if this is not desired, for
                  example, if using a third party boot manager to manage the
                  Master Boot Record (MBR).
                </p>
              </div>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grub-install /dev/sda</kbd>
</pre>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
              <h3 class="sect2">
                8.4.4. Creating the Configuration File
              </h3>
              <p>
                Generate <code class="filename">/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>:
              </p>
              <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /boot/grub/grub.cfg &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set default=0
set timeout=5

insmod ext2
set root=(hd0,2)

menuentry "GNU/Linux, Linux 3.8.1-lfs-7.3" {
        linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.1-lfs-7.3 root=/dev/sda2 ro
}</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
              <div class="admon note">
                <h3>
                  Note
                </h3>
                <p>
                  From <span class="application">GRUB</span>'s perspective,
                  the kernel files are relative to the partition used. If you
                  used a separate /boot partition, remove /boot from the
                  above <span class="emphasis"><em>linux</em></span> line.
                  You will also need to change the <span class=
                  "emphasis"><em>set root</em></span> line to point to the
                  boot partition.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p>
                GRUB is an extremely powerful program and it provides a
                tremendous number of options for booting from a wide variety
                of devices, operating systems, and partition types. There are
                also many options for customization such as graphical splash
                screens, playing sounds, mouse input, etc. The details of
                these options are beyond the scope of this introduction.
              </p>
              <div class="admon caution">
                <h3>
                  Caution
                </h3>
                <p>
                  There is a command, <span class=
                  "application">grub-mkconfig</span>, that can write a
                  configuration file automatically. It uses a set of scripts
                  in /etc/grub.d/ and will destroy any customizations that
                  you make. These scripts are designed primarily for
                  non-source distributions and are not recommended for LFS.
                  If you install a commercial Linux distribution, there is a
                  good chance that this program will be run. Be sure to back
                  up your grub.cfg file.
                </p>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="chapter-finalizing" name=
                  "chapter-finalizing"></a>Chapter&nbsp;9.&nbsp;The End
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-finish-theend" name=
                    "ch-finish-theend"></a>9.1.&nbsp;The End
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much
              success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
            </p>
            <p>
              It may be a good idea to create an <code class=
              "filename">/etc/lfs-release</code> file. By having this file,
              it is very easy for you (and for us if you need to ask for help
              at some point) to find out which LFS version is installed on
              the system. Create this file by running:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 7.3 &gt; /etc/lfs-release</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              It is also a good idea to create a file to show the status of
              your new system with resopect to the Linux Standards Base
              (LSB). To create this file, run:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/lsb-release &lt;&lt; "EOF"
DISTRIB_ID="Linux From Scratch"
DISTRIB_RELEASE="7.3"
DISTRIB_CODENAME="&lt;your name here&gt;"
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Linux From Scratch"
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Be sure to put some sort of customization for the field
              'DISTRIB_CODENAME' to make the system uniquely yours.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-finish-getcounted" name=
                    "ch-finish-getcounted"></a>9.2.&nbsp;Get Counted
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Now that you have finished the book, do you want to be counted
              as an LFS user? Head over to <a class="ulink" href=
              "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php</a>
              and register as an LFS user by entering your name and the first
              LFS version you have used.
            </p>
            <p>
              Let's reboot into LFS now.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-finish-reboot" name=
                    "ch-finish-reboot"></a>9.3.&nbsp;Rebooting the System
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Now that all of the software has been installed, it is time to
              reboot your computer. However, you should be aware of a few
              things. The system you have created in this book is quite
              minimal, and most likely will not have the functionality you
              would need to be able to continue forward. By installing a few
              extra packages from the BLFS book while still in our current
              chroot environment, you can leave yourself in a much better
              position to continue on once you reboot into your new LFS
              installation. Here are some suggestions:
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    A text mode browser such as <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/basicnet/lynx.html">
                    Lynx</a> will allow you to easily view the BLFS book in
                    one virtual terminal, while building packages in another.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/general/gpm.html">
                    GPM</a> package will allow you to perform copy/paste
                    actions in your virtual terminals.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    If you are in a situation where static IP configuration
                    does not meet your networking requirements, installing a
                    package such as <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/basicnet/dhcpcd.html">
                    dhcpcd</a> or the client portion of <a class="ulink"
                    href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/basicnet/dhcp.html">
                    dhcp</a> may be useful.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Installing <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/sudo.html">
                    sudo</a> may be useful for building packages as a
                    non-root user and easily installing the resulting
                    packages in your new system.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    If you want to access your new system from a remote
                    system within a comfortable GUI environment, install
                    <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/openssh.html">
                    openssh</a> and it's prerequsite, <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/openssl.html">
                    openssl</a>.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    To make fetching files over the internet easier, install
                    <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/basicnet/wget.html">
                    wget</a>.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    If one or more of your disk drives have a GUID partition
                    table (GPT), either <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/gptfdisk.html">
                    gptfdisk</a> or <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/svn/postlfs/parted.html">
                    parted</a> will be useful.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Finally, a review of the following configuration files is
                    also appropriate at this point.
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/bashrc
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/dircolors
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/fstab
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/hosts
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/inputrc
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/profile
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/resolv.conf
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/vimrc
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /root/.bash_profile
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /root/.bashrc
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/sysconfig/network
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <p>
              Now that we have said that, lets move on to booting our shiny
              new LFS installation for the first time! First exit from the
              chroot environment:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">logout</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Then unmount the virtual file systems:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS/dev/pts

if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
  link=$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
  umount -v $LFS/$link
  unset link
else
  umount -v $LFS/dev/shm
fi

umount -v $LFS/dev
umount -v $LFS/proc
umount -v $LFS/sys</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Unmount the LFS file system itself:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              If multiple partitions were created, unmount the other
              partitions before unmounting the main one, like this:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS/usr
umount -v $LFS/home
umount -v $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Now, reboot the system with:
            </p>
            <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">shutdown -r now</kbd>
</pre>
            <p>
              Assuming the GRUB boot loader was set up as outlined earlier,
              the menu is set to boot <span class="emphasis"><em>LFS
              7.3</em></span> automatically.
            </p>
            <p>
              When the reboot is complete, the LFS system is ready for use
              and more software may be added to suit your needs.
            </p>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ch-finish-whatnow" name=
                    "ch-finish-whatnow"></a>9.4.&nbsp;What Now?
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Thank you for reading this LFS book. We hope that you have
              found this book helpful and have learned more about the system
              creation process.
            </p>
            <p>
              Now that the LFS system is installed, you may be wondering
              &ldquo;<span class="quote">What next?</span>&rdquo; To answer
              that question, we have compiled a list of resources for you.
            </p>
            <div class="itemizedlist">
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Maintenance
                  </p>
                  <p>
                    Bugs and security notices are reported regularly for all
                    software. Since an LFS system is compiled from source, it
                    is up to you to keep abreast of such reports. There are
                    several online resources that track such reports, some of
                    which are shown below:
                  </p>
                  <div class="itemizedlist">
                    <ul>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          Freecode (<a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://freecode.com/">http://freecode.com/</a>)
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          Freecode can notify you (via email) of new versions
                          of packages installed on your system.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://www.cert.org/">CERT</a> (Computer Emergency
                          Response Team)
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          CERT has a mailing list that publishes security
                          alerts concerning various operating systems and
                          applications. Subscription information is available
                          at <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html">http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          Bugtraq
                        </p>
                        <p>
                          Bugtraq is a full-disclosure computer security
                          mailing list. It publishes newly discovered
                          security issues, and occasionally potential fixes
                          for them. Subscription information is available at
                          <a class="ulink" href=
                          "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive">http://www.securityfocus.com/archive</a>.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ul>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Beyond Linux From Scratch
                  </p>
                  <p>
                    The Beyond Linux From Scratch book covers installation
                    procedures for a wide range of software beyond the scope
                    of the LFS Book. The BLFS project is located at <a class=
                    "ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/</a>.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    LFS Hints
                  </p>
                  <p>
                    The LFS Hints are a collection of educational documents
                    submitted by volunteers in the LFS community. The hints
                    are available at <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html</a>.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Mailing lists
                  </p>
                  <p>
                    There are several LFS mailing lists you may subscribe to
                    if you are in need of help, want to stay current with the
                    latest developments, want to contribute to the project,
                    and more. See <a class="xref" href="#ch-intro-maillists"
                    title="1.4.2.&nbsp;Mailing Lists">Chapter 1 - Mailing
                    Lists</a> for more information.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    The Linux Documentation Project
                  </p>
                  <p>
                    The goal of The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) is to
                    collaborate on all of the issues of Linux documentation.
                    The TLDP features a large collection of HOWTOs, guides,
                    and man pages. It is located at <a class="ulink" href=
                    "http://www.tldp.org/">http://www.tldp.org/</a>.
                  </p>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <div class="titlepage">
          <div>
            <div>
              <h1 class="title">
                <a id="part4" name="part4"></a>Part&nbsp;IV.&nbsp;Appendices
              </h1>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="appendixa" name=
                  "appendixa"></a>Appendix&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Acronyms and Terms
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="variablelist">
            <table border="0">
              <col align="left" valign="top" />
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ABI</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Application Binary Interface
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ALFS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Automated Linux From Scratch
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>API</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Application Programming Interface
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ASCII</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      American Standard Code for Information Interchange
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>BIOS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Basic Input/Output System
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>BLFS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Beyond Linux From Scratch
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>BSD</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Berkeley Software Distribution
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      change root
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>CMOS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>COS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Class Of Service
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>CPU</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Central Processing Unit
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>CRC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Cyclic Redundancy Check
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>CVS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Concurrent Versions System
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>DHCP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>DNS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Domain Name Service
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>EGA</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Enhanced Graphics Adapter
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ELF</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Executable and Linkable Format
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>EOF</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      End of File
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>EQN</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      equation
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ext2</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      second extended file system
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ext3</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      third extended file system
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ext4</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      fourth extended file system
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>FAQ</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Frequently Asked Questions
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>FHS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>FIFO</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      First-In, First Out
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>FQDN</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Fully Qualified Domain Name
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>FTP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      File Transfer Protocol
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>GB</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Gigabytes
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>GCC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      GNU Compiler Collection
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>GID</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Group Identifier
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>GMT</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Greenwich Mean Time
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>HTML</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Hypertext Markup Language
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>IDE</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Integrated Drive Electronics
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>IEEE</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>IO</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Input/Output
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>IP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Internet Protocol
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>IPC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Inter-Process Communication
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>IRC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Internet Relay Chat
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ISO</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      International Organization for Standardization
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>ISP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Internet Service Provider
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>KB</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Kilobytes
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>LED</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Light Emitting Diode
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>LFS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Linux From Scratch
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>LSB</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Linux Standard Base
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>MB</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Megabytes
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>MBR</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Master Boot Record
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>MD5</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Message Digest 5
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>NIC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Network Interface Card
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>NLS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Native Language Support
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>NNTP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Network News Transport Protocol
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>NPTL</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Native POSIX Threading Library
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>OSS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Open Sound System
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>PCH</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Pre-Compiled Headers
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>PCRE</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Perl Compatible Regular Expression
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>PID</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Process Identifier
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>PTY</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      pseudo terminal
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>QOS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Quality Of Service
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>RAM</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Random Access Memory
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>RPC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Remote Procedure Call
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>RTC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Real Time Clock
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>SBU</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Standard Build Unit
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>SCO</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      The Santa Cruz Operation
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>SHA1</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Secure-Hash Algorithm 1
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>TLDP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      The Linux Documentation Project
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>TFTP</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Trivial File Transfer Protocol
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>TLS</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Thread-Local Storage
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>UID</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      User Identifier
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>umask</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      user file-creation mask
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>USB</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Universal Serial Bus
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>UTC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Coordinated Universal Time
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>UUID</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Universally Unique Identifier
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>VC</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Virtual Console
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>VGA</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Video Graphics Array
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      <span class="term"><span class=
                      "bold"><strong>VT</strong></span></span>
                    </p>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <p>
                      Virtual Terminal
                    </p>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="appendixb" name=
                  "appendixb"></a>Appendix&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Acknowledgments
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            We would like to thank the following people and organizations for
            their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project.
          </p>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#103;&#101;&#114;&#97;&#114;&#100;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Gerard Beekmans</a>
                  &lt;gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Creator,
                  LFS Project Leader
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#109;&#97;&#116;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#119;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Matthew Burgess</a>
                  &lt;matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Project
                  Leader, LFS Technical Writer/Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#98;&#100;&#117;&#98;&#98;&#115;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Bruce Dubbs</a>
                  &lt;bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Release
                  Manager, LFS Technical Writer/Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#106;&#105;&#109;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jim
                  Gifford</a> &lt;jim AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; CLFS
                  Project Co-Leader
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#98;&#114;&#121;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Bryan Kadzban</a>
                  &lt;bryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Technical
                  Writer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#114;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#121;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Randy McMurchy</a>
                  &lt;randy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; BLFS Project
                  Leader, LFS Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#100;&#106;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">DJ
                  Lucas</a> &lt;dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS and
                  BLFS Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#107;&#101;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Ken
                  Moffat</a> &lt;ken AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS and
                  CLFS Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#114;&#121;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Ryan Oliver</a>
                  &lt;ryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; CLFS Project
                  Co-Leader
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Countless other people on the various LFS and BLFS mailing
                  lists who helped make this book possible by giving their
                  suggestions, testing the book, and submitting bug reports,
                  instructions, and their experiences with installing various
                  packages.
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="idp15854064" name="idp15854064"></a>Translators
          </h3>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#109;&#97;&#99;&#97;&#110;&#97;&#64;&#109;&#97;&#99;&#97;&#110;&#97;&#45;&#101;&#115;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Manuel
                  Canales Esparcia</a> &lt;macana AT macana-es D0T com&gt; &ndash;
                  Spanish LFS translation project
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#106;&#111;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Johan Lenglet</a>
                  &lt;johan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; French LFS
                  translation project
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#108;&#105;&#122;&#97;&#114;&#100;&#111;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Anderson Lizardo</a>
                  &lt;lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Portuguese LFS
                  translation project
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#116;&#114;&#64;&#101;&#114;&#100;&#102;&#117;&#110;&#107;&#115;&#116;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#101;&#46;&#100;&#101;">Thomas
                  Reitelbach</a> &lt;tr AT erdfunkstelle D0T de&gt; &ndash; German
                  LFS translation project
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="idp15861408" name="idp15861408"></a>Mirror Maintainers
          </h3>
          <h4>
            <a id="idp15862208" name="idp15862208"></a>North American Mirrors
          </h4>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#99;&#111;&#116;&#116;&#64;&#111;&#115;&#117;&#111;&#115;&#108;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Scott
                  Kveton</a> &lt;scott AT osuosl D0T org&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.oregonstate.edu mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#108;&#111;&#115;&#116;&#64;&#108;&#45;&#119;&#46;&#110;&#101;&#116;">William
                  Astle</a> &lt;lost AT l-w D0T net&gt; &ndash;
                  ca.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#101;&#117;&#106;&#111;&#110;&#46;&#115;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#115;&#64;&#103;&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Eujon Sellers</a>
                  &lt;jpolen@rackspace.com&gt; &ndash; lfs.introspeed.com
                  mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#106;&#117;&#115;&#116;&#105;&#110;&#64;&#107;&#110;&#105;&#101;&#114;&#105;&#109;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Justin
                  Knierim</a> &lt;tim@idge.net&gt; &ndash; lfs-matrix.net
                  mirror
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h4>
            <a id="idp15868960" name="idp15868960"></a>South American Mirrors
          </h4>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#109;&#97;&#110;&#117;&#101;&#108;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Manuel Canales
                  Esparcia</a> &lt;manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
                  lfsmirror.lfs-es.info mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#108;&#102;&#97;&#108;&#99;&#111;&#110;&#64;&#116;&#104;&#121;&#109;&#98;&#114;&#97;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Luis
                  Falcon</a> &lt;Luis Falcon&gt; &ndash; torredehanoi.org
                  mirror
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h4>
            <a id="idp15873040" name="idp15873040"></a>European Mirrors
          </h4>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#103;&#117;&#105;&#100;&#111;&#64;&#112;&#114;&#105;&#109;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#108;&#97;&#121;&#46;&#110;&#101;&#116;">Guido
                  Passet</a> &lt;guido AT primerelay D0T net&gt; &ndash;
                  nl.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#98;&#97;&#97;&#102;&#105;&#101;&#64;&#112;&#108;&#97;&#110;&#101;&#116;&#46;&#110;&#108;">Bastiaan
                  Jacques</a> &lt;baafie AT planet D0T nl&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.pagefault.net mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#118;&#101;&#110;&#46;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#110;&#115;&#104;&#111;&#102;&#102;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#111;&#46;&#98;&#101;">Sven
                  Cranshoff</a> &lt;sven D0T cranshoff AT lineo D0T be&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.lineo.be mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Scarlet Belgium &ndash; lfs.scarlet.be mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#105;&#110;&#102;&#111;&#64;&#97;&#108;&#105;&#101;&#110;&#115;&#111;&#102;&#116;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Sebastian
                  Faulborn</a> &lt;info AT aliensoft D0T org&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.aliensoft.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#116;&#117;&#97;&#114;&#116;&#64;&#100;&#111;&#110;&#116;&#117;&#115;&#101;&#46;&#109;&#115;">Stuart
                  Fox</a> &lt;stuart AT dontuse D0T ms&gt; &ndash; lfs.dontuse.ms
                  mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#97;&#100;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#64;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#108;&#104;&#111;&#115;&#116;&#46;&#100;&#101;">Ralf
                  Uhlemann</a> &lt;admin AT realhost D0T de&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.oss-mirror.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#65;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#110;&#105;&#110;&#46;&#83;&#112;&#114;&#105;&#110;&#122;&#108;&#64;&#116;&#117;&#119;&#105;&#101;&#110;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#97;&#116;">Antonin Sprinzl</a>
                  &lt;Antonin D0T Sprinzl AT tuwien D0T ac D0T at&gt; &ndash;
                  at.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#102;&#114;&#101;&#100;&#97;&#110;&#45;&#108;&#102;&#115;&#64;&#102;&#114;&#101;&#100;&#97;&#110;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Fredrik Danerklint</a>
                  &lt;fredan-lfs AT fredan D0T org&gt; &ndash;
                  se.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#102;&#114;&#97;&#110;&#99;&#107;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#112;&#111;&#117;&#114;&#116;&#111;&#117;&#115;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Franck</a>
                  &lt;franck AT linuxpourtous D0T com&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.linuxpourtous.com mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#98;&#97;&#113;&#117;&#101;&#64;&#99;&#105;&#99;&#116;&#46;&#102;&#114;">Philippe
                  Baqué</a> &lt;baque AT cict D0T fr&gt; &ndash; lfs.cict.fr mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#103;&#121;&#111;&#117;&#106;&#97;&#64;&#112;&#105;&#108;&#103;&#114;&#105;&#109;&#115;&#46;&#114;&#117;">Vitaly
                  Chekasin</a> &lt;gyouja AT pilgrims D0T ru&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.pilgrims.ru mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#107;&#111;&#110;&#116;&#97;&#107;&#116;&#64;&#119;&#97;&#110;&#107;&#111;&#111;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Benjamin
                  Heil</a> &lt;kontakt AT wankoo D0T org&gt; &ndash; lfs.wankoo.org
                  mirror
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h4>
            <a id="idp15892384" name="idp15892384"></a>Asian Mirrors
          </h4>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#97;&#116;&#105;&#116;&#64;&#119;&#98;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#116;&#104;">Satit
                  Phermsawang</a> &lt;satit AT wbac D0T ac D0T th&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.phayoune.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#105;&#110;&#102;&#111;&#64;&#115;&#104;&#105;&#122;&#117;&#45;&#110;&#101;&#116;&#46;&#106;&#112;">Shizunet
                  Co.,Ltd.</a> &lt;info AT shizu-net D0T jp&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.mirror.shizu-net.jp mirror
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.initworld.com/">Init
                  World</a> &lt;http://www.initworld.com/&gt; &ndash;
                  lfs.initworld.com mirror
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h4>
            <a id="idp15897728" name="idp15897728"></a>Australian Mirrors
          </h4>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#106;&#97;&#115;&#111;&#110;&#64;&#100;&#115;&#116;&#99;&#46;&#101;&#100;&#117;&#46;&#97;&#117;">Jason
                  Andrade</a> &lt;jason AT dstc D0T edu D0T au&gt; &ndash;
                  au.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="idp15900224" name="idp15900224"></a>Former Project Team
            Members
          </h3>
          <div class="itemizedlist">
            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#116;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#97;&#100;&#121;&#115;&#107;&#121;&#101;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Christine
                  Barczak</a> &lt;theladyskye AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt;
                  &ndash; LFS Book Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Archaic &lt;archaic@linuxfromscratch.org&gt; &ndash; LFS
                  Technical Writer/Editor, HLFS Project Leader, BLFS Editor,
                  Hints and Patches Project Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#110;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Nathan Coulson</a>
                  &lt;nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS-Bootscripts
                  Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Timothy Bauscher
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Robert Briggs
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Ian Chilton
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#106;&#101;&#114;&#111;&#101;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jeroen Coumans</a>
                  &lt;jeroen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Website
                  Developer, FAQ Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#109;&#97;&#110;&#117;&#101;&#108;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Manuel Canales
                  Esparcia</a> &lt;manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
                  LFS/BLFS/HLFS XML and XSL Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Alex Groenewoud &ndash; LFS Technical Writer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Marc Heerdink
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#106;&#104;&#117;&#110;&#116;&#119;&#111;&#114;&#107;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jeremy Huntwork</a>
                  &lt;jhuntwork AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS
                  Technical Writer, LFS LiveCD Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Mark Hymers
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Seth W. Klein &ndash; FAQ maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#110;&#105;&#99;&#104;&#111;&#108;&#97;&#115;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Nicholas Leippe</a>
                  &lt;nicholas AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Wiki
                  Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#108;&#105;&#122;&#97;&#114;&#100;&#111;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Anderson Lizardo</a>
                  &lt;lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Website
                  Backend-Scripts Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#100;&#110;&#105;&#99;&#104;&#111;&#108;&#115;&#111;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Dan Nicholson</a>
                  &lt;dnicholson AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS and
                  BLFS Editor
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#97;&#108;&#101;&#120;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Alexander E.
                  Patrakov</a> &lt;alexander AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
                  LFS Technical Writer, LFS Internationalization Editor, LFS
                  Live CD Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Simon Perreault
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#115;&#99;&#111;&#116;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Scot Mc Pherson</a>
                  &lt;scot AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS NNTP Gateway
                  Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#103;&#115;&#99;&#104;&#97;&#102;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#122;&#105;&#112;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;&#46;&#97;&#117;">Greg
                  Schafer</a> &lt;gschafer AT zip D0T com D0T au&gt; &ndash; LFS
                  Technical Writer and Architect of the Next Generation
                  64-bit-enabling Build Method
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  Jesse Tie-Ten-Quee &ndash; LFS Technical Writer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#106;&#119;&#114;&#111;&#98;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">James Robertson</a>
                  &lt;jwrober AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Bugzilla
                  Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#116;&#117;&#115;&#104;&#97;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Tushar Teredesai</a>
                  &lt;tushar AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; BLFS Book
                  Editor, Hints and Patches Project Leader
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href=
                  "mailto:&#106;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#109;&#121;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jeremy Utley</a>
                  &lt;jeremy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Technical
                  Writer, Bugzilla Maintainer, LFS-Bootscripts Maintainer
                </p>
              </li>
              <li>
                <p>
                  <a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#122;&#119;&#105;&#110;&#107;&#108;&#101;&#115;&#64;&#103;&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Zack
                  Winkles</a> &lt;zwinkles AT gmail D0T com&gt; &ndash; LFS
                  Technical Writer
                </p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="appendixc" name=
                  "appendixc"></a>Appendix&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Dependencies
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            Every package built in LFS relies on one or more other packages
            in order to build and install properly. Some packages even
            participate in circular dependencies, that is, the first package
            depends on the second which in turn depends on the first. Because
            of these dependencies, the order in which packages are built in
            LFS is very important. The purpose of this page is to document
            the dependencies of each package built in LFS.
          </p>
          <p>
            For each package we build, we have listed three, and sometimes
            four, types of dependencies. The first lists what other packages
            need to be available in order to compile and install the package
            in question. The second lists what packages, in addition to those
            on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test
            suites. The third list of dependencies are packages that require
            this package to be built and installed in its final location
            before they are built and installed. In most cases, this is
            because these packages will hardcode paths to binaries within
            their scripts. If not built in a certain order, this could result
            in paths of /tools/bin/[binary] being placed inside scripts
            installed to the final system. This is obviously not desirable.
          </p>
          <p>
            The last list of dependencies are optional packages that are not
            addressed in LFS, but could be useful to the user. These packages
            may have additional mandatory or optional dependencies of their
            own. For these dependencies, the recommeded practice is to
            install them after completion of the LFS book and then go back an
            rebuild the LFS package. In several cases, reinstallation is
            addressed in BLFS.
          </p>
          <h3>
            <a id="autoconf-dep" name="autoconf-dep"></a>Autoconf
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, Grep, M4, Make, Perl,
                Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, GCC,
                and Libtool</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Automake</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Emacs</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="automake-dep" name="automake-dep"></a>Automake
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Autoconf, Bash, Coreutils, Gettext,
                Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Binutils, Bison, Bzip2, DejaGNU,
                Diffutils, Expect, Findutils, Flex, GCC, Gettext, Gzip,
                Libtool, and Tar.</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="bash-dep" name="bash-dep"></a>Bash
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils,
                Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch,
                Readline, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Shadow</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Xorg</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="binutils-dep" name="binutils-dep"></a>Binutils
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                File, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, Sed, Texinfo and
                Zlib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">DejaGNU and Expect</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="bison-dep" name="bison-dep"></a>Bison
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Findutils</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Flex, Kbd, and Tar</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Doxygen (test suite)</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="bzip2-dep" name="bzip2-dep"></a>Bzip2
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Glibc, Make, and Patch</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="coreutils-dep" name="coreutils-dep"></a>Coreutils
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, Make, Patch, Perl, Sed, and
                Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils, E2fsprogs, Findutils,
                Shadow, and Util-linux</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Diffutils, Findutils, Man-DB, and
                Udev</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Perl Expect and IO:Tty modules (for
                test suite)</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="dejagnu-dep" name="dejagnu-dep"></a>DejaGNU
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Grep,
                Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="diffutils-dep" name="diffutils-dep"></a>Diffutils
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils, Perl</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="expect-dep" name="expect-dep"></a>Expect
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Tcl</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="e2fsprogs-dep" name="e2fsprogs-dep"></a>E2fsprogs
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Make, Sed, Texinfo, and
                Util-linux</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Procps-ng,Psmisc</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="file-dep" name="file-dep"></a>File
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Zlib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="findutils-dep" name="findutils-dep"></a>Findutils
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">DejaGNU, Diffutils, and Expect</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="flex-dep" name="flex-dep"></a>Flex
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Patch, Sed, and
                Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bison and Gawk</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">IPRoute2, Kbd, and Man-DB</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="gawk-dep" name="gawk-dep"></a>Gawk
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed and, Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="gcc-dep" name="gcc-dep"></a>Gcc
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, M4, Make,
                MPC, MPFR, Patch, Perl, Sed, Tar, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">DejaGNU and Expect</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody"><a class="ulink" href=
                "http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Graphite">CLooG-PPL</a>, <a class=
                "ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GNAT">GNAT</a> and
                <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Graphite">PPL</a></span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="gdbm" name="gdbm"></a>GDBM
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="gettext-dep" name="gettext-dep"></a>Gettext
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
                Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils, Perl, and Tcl</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Automake</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="glibc-dep" name="glibc-dep"></a>Glibc
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Grep, Gzip, Linux API Headers, Make,
                Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">File</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="gmp-dep" name="gmp-dep"></a>GMP
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Sed and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">MPFR, GCC</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="grep-dep" name="grep-dep"></a>Grep
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and
                Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Gawk</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Man-DB</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Pcre, Xorg, and CUPS</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="groff-dep" name="groff-dep"></a>Groff
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Gawk,
                GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Man-DB and Perl</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">GPL Ghostscript</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="grub-dep" name="grub-dep"></a>GRUB
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils,
                Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Sed,
                Texinfo, and Xz</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="gzip-dep" name="gzip-dep"></a>Gzip
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
                Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils. Less</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Man-DB</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="iana-etc-dep" name="iana-etc-dep"></a>Iana-Etc
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Coreutils, Gawk, and Make</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Perl</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="inetutils-dep" name="inetutils-dep"></a>Inetutils
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
                Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Sed, Texinfo, and Zlib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Tar</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="iproute2-dep" name="iproute2-dep"></a>IProute2
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Bison, Coreutils, Flex, GCC,
                Glibc, Make, and Linux API Headers</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="kbd-dep" name="kbd-dep"></a>Kbd
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Flex,
                GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Gzip, Make, Patch, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="kmod-dep" name="kmod-dep"></a>Kmod
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Flex,
                GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Gzip, Make, Sed, Xz-Utils, Zlib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Udev</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="less-dep" name="less-dep"></a>Less
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Gzip</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Pcre</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="libpipeline-dep" name="libpipeline-dep"></a>Libpipeline
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Man-DB</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="libtool-dep" name="libtool-dep"></a>Libtool
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Findutils</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="linux-dep" name="linux-dep"></a>Linux Kernel
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Findutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Kmod, Make, Ncurses, Perl,
                and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="m4-dep" name="m4-dep"></a>M4
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
                Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Autoconf and Bison</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">libsigsegv</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="make-dep" name="make-dep"></a>Make
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Perl and Procps-ng</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="man-db-dep" name="man-db-dep"></a>Man-DB
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bzip2, Coreutils, Flex,
                GCC, GDBM, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Groff, Gzip, Less,
                Libpipeline, Make, Sed, and Xz</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Not run. Requires Man-DB test suite
                package</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="man-pages-dep" name="man-pages-dep"></a>Man-Pages
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, and Make</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="mpc-dep" name="mpc-dep"></a>MPC
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, MPFR, Sed and
                Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">GCC</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="mpfr-dep" name="mpfr-dep"></a>MPFR
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, Sed and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">GCC</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="ncurses-dep" name="ncurses-dep"></a>Ncurses
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, GRUB, Inetutils, Less, Procps-ng,
                Psmisc, Readline, Texinfo, Util-linux, and Vim</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="patch-dep" name="patch-dep"></a>Patch
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
                Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Ed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="perl-dep" name="perl-dep"></a>Perl
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
                GDBM, Glibc, Grep, Groff, Make, Sed, and Zlib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Iana-Etc and Procps-ng</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Autoconf</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="pkgconfig-dep" name="pkgconfig-dep"></a>Pkg-config
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
                Glibc, Grep, Make, Popt, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Kmod</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="popt-dep" name="popt-dep"></a>Popt
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
                Glibc, Grep, Make</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Pkg-config</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="procps-dep" name="procps-dep"></a>Procps-ng
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
                Make, and Ncurses</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">DejaGNU</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="psmisc-dep" name="psmisc-dep"></a>Psmisc
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="readline-dep" name="readline-dep"></a>Readline
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
                Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="sed-dep" name="sed-dep"></a>Sed
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Gawk</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">E2fsprogs, File, Libtool, and
                Shadow</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Cracklib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="shadow-dep" name="shadow-dep"></a>Shadow
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, and
                Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Coreutils</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Cracklib, PAM</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="sysklogd-dep" name="sysklogd-dep"></a>Sysklogd
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make,
                and Patch</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="sysvinit-dep" name="sysvinit-dep"></a>Sysvinit
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make,
                and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="tar-dep" name="tar-dep"></a>Tar
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Inetutils, Make, Sed, and
                Texinfo</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Autoconf, Diffutils, Findutils, Gawk,
                and Gzip</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="tcl-dep" name="tcl-dep"></a>Tcl
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="texinfo-dep" name="texinfo-dep"></a>Texinfo
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
                Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="udev-dep" name="udev-dep"></a>Udev
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Kmod, Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Glib, Pci-Utils, Python, Systemd,
                USB-Utils</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="util-linux-dep" name="util-linux-dep"></a>Util-linux
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses,
                Sed, and Zlib</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="vim-dep" name="vim-dep"></a>Vim
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Xorg, GTK+2, LessTif, Python, Tcl,
                Ruby, and GPM</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="xz-dep" name="xz-dep"></a>Xz
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
                GCC, Glibc, and Make.</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">GRUB, Kmod, Man-DB, Udev</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <h3>
            <a id="zlib-dep" name="zlib-dep"></a>Zlib
          </h3>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
                Make, and Sed</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">File, Kmod, Perl, and Util-linux</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="segmentedlist">
            <div class="seglistitem">
              <div class="seg">
                <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
                <span class="segbody">None</span>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="scripts" name=
                  "scripts"></a>Appendix&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Boot and sysconfig
                  scripts version-20130123
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            The scripts in this appendix are listed by the directory where
            they normally reside. The order is <code class=
            "filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>, <code class=
            "filename">/etc/sysconfig</code>, <code class=
            "filename">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices</code>, and
            <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices/services</code>.
            Within each section, the files are listed in the order they are
            normally called.
          </p>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="rc" name="rc"></a>D.1.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              The <code class="systemitem">rc</code> script is the first
              script called by <span class="application">init</span> and
              initiates the boot process.
            </p>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/bash
########################################################################
# Begin rc
#
# Description : Main Run Level Control Script
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans  - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#             : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

print_error_msg()
{
   log_failure_msg
   # $i is set when called
   MSG="FAILURE:\n\nYou should not be reading this error message.\n\n" 
   MSG="${MSG}It means that an unforeseen error took place in\n"
   MSG="${MSG}${i},\n"
   MSG="${MSG}which exited with a return value of ${error_value}.\n"
  
   MSG="${MSG}If you're able to track this error down to a bug in one of\n"
   MSG="${MSG}the files provided by the files provided by\n"
   MSG="${MSG}the ${DISTRO_MINI} book, please be so kind to inform us at\n"
   MSG="${MSG}${DISTRO_CONTACT}.\n"
   log_failure_msg "${MSG}"

   log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
   wait_for_user
}

check_script_status()
{
   # $i is set when called
   if [ ! -f ${i} ]; then
      log_warning_msg "${i} is not a valid symlink." 
      continue
   fi

   if [ ! -x ${i} ]; then
      log_warning_msg "${i} is not executable, skipping."
      continue
   fi
}

run()
{
   if [ -z $interactive ]; then
      ${1} ${2}
      return $?
   fi

   while true; do
      read -p "Run ${1} ${2} (Yes/no/continue)? " -n 1 runit
      echo

      case ${runit} in
         c | C)
            interactive=""
            ${i} ${2}
            ret=${?}
            break;
            ;;

         n | N)
            return 0
            ;;

         y | Y)
            ${i} ${2}
            ret=${?}
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   return $ret
}

# Read any local settings/overrides
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] &amp;&amp; source /etc/sysconfig/rc.site

DISTRO=${DISTRO:-"Linux From Scratch"}
DISTRO_CONTACT=${DISTRO_CONTACT:-"lfs-dev@linuxfromscratch.org (Registration required)"}
DISTRO_MINI=${DISTRO_MINI:-"LFS"}
IPROMPT=${IPROMPT:-"no"}

# These 3 signals will not cause our script to exit
trap "" INT QUIT TSTP

[ "${1}" != "" ] &amp;&amp; runlevel=${1}

if [ "${runlevel}" == "" ]; then
   echo "Usage: ${0} &lt;runlevel&gt;" &gt;&amp;2
   exit 1
fi

previous=${PREVLEVEL}
[ "${previous}" == "" ] &amp;&amp; previous=N

if [ ! -d /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d ]; then
   log_info_msg "/etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d does not exist.\n" 
   exit 1
fi

if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -o "$runlevel" == "0" ]; then IPROMPT="no"; fi

# Note: In ${LOGLEVEL:-7}, it is ':' 'dash' '7', not minus 7
if [ "$runlevel" == "S" ]; then 
   [ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] &amp;&amp; source /etc/sysconfig/console 
   dmesg -n "${LOGLEVEL:-7}" 
fi

if [ "${IPROMPT}" == "yes" -a "${runlevel}" == "S" ]; then
   # The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes
   wlen=${wlen:-$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c )}
   welcome_message=${welcome_message:-"Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}"}

   # The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes
   ilen=${ilen:-$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c )}
   i_message=${i_message:-"Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup"}


   # dcol and icol are spaces before the message to center the message
   # on screen. itime is the amount of wait time for the user to press a key
   wcol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${wlen} ) / 2 ))
   icol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${ilen} ) / 2 ))
   itime=${itime:-"3"}

   echo -e "\n\n"
   echo -e "\\033[${wcol}G${welcome_message}"
   echo -e "\\033[${icol}G${i_message}${NORMAL}"
   echo ""
   read -t "${itime}" -n 1 interactive 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; /dev/null
fi

# Make lower case
[ "${interactive}" == "I" ] &amp;&amp; interactive="i"
[ "${interactive}" != "i" ] &amp;&amp; interactive=""

# Read the state file if it exists from runlevel S
[ -r /var/run/interactive ] &amp;&amp; source /var/run/interactive

# Attempt to stop all services started by the previous runlevel,
# and killed in this runlevel
if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then
   for i in $(ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/K* 2&gt; /dev/null)
   do
      check_script_status

      suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]}
      prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix
      sysinit_start=/etc/rc.d/rcS.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix

      if [ "${runlevel}" != "0" -a "${runlevel}" != "6" ]; then
         if [ ! -f ${prev_start} -a  ! -f ${sysinit_start} ]; then
            MSG="WARNING:\n\n${i} can't be "
            MSG="${MSG}executed because it was not "
            MSG="${MSG}not started in the previous "
            MSG="${MSG}runlevel (${previous})."
            log_warning_msg "$MSG"
            continue
         fi
      fi

      run ${i} stop
      error_value=${?}

      if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi
   done
fi

if [ "${previous}" == "N" ]; then export IN_BOOT=1; fi

if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -a -n "${FASTBOOT}" ]; then
   touch /fastboot
fi


# Start all functions in this runlevel
for i in $( ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/S* 2&gt; /dev/null)
do
   if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then
      suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/S[0-9][0-9]}
      stop=/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]$suffix
      prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix

      [ -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${stop} ] &amp;&amp; continue
   fi

   check_script_status

   case ${runlevel} in
      0|6)
         run ${i} stop
         ;;
      *)
         run ${i} start
         ;;
   esac

   error_value=${?}

   if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi
done

# Store interactive variable on switch from runlevel S and remove if not
if [ "${runlevel}" == "S" -a "${interactive}" == "i" ]; then
    echo "interactive=\"i\"" &gt; /var/run/interactive
else
    rm -f /var/run/interactive 2&gt; /dev/null
fi

# Copy the boot log on initial boot only
if [ "${previous}" == "N" -a  "${runlevel}" != "S" ]; then
   cat /run/var/bootlog &gt;&gt; /var/log/boot.log
      
   # Mark the end of boot
   echo "--------" &gt;&gt; /var/log/boot.log
   
   # Remove the temporary file
   rm -f /run/var/bootlog 2&gt; /dev/null
fi

# End rc
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="init-functions" name=
                    "init-functions"></a>D.2.&nbsp;/lib/lsb/init-functions
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# 
# Begin /lib/lsb/init-funtions
#
# Description : Run Level Control Functions
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#             : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
# Notes       : With code based on Matthias Benkmann's simpleinit-msb
#               http://winterdrache.de/linux/newboot/index.html
#
#               The file should be located in /lib/lsb
#
########################################################################

## Environmental setup
# Setup default values for environment
umask 022
export PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin"

## Screen Dimensions
# Find current screen size
if [ -z "${COLUMNS}" ]; then
   COLUMNS=$(stty size)
   COLUMNS=${COLUMNS##* }
fi

# When using remote connections, such as a serial port, stty size returns 0
if [ "${COLUMNS}" = "0" ]; then
   COLUMNS=80
fi

## Measurements for positioning result messages
COL=$((${COLUMNS} - 8))
WCOL=$((${COL} - 2))

## Set Cursor Position Commands, used via echo
SET_COL="\\033[${COL}G"      # at the $COL char
SET_WCOL="\\033[${WCOL}G"    # at the $WCOL char
CURS_UP="\\033[1A\\033[0G"   # Up one line, at the 0'th char
CURS_ZERO="\\033[0G"

## Set color commands, used via echo
# Please consult `man console_codes for more information
# under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section
#
# Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font,
# the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to
# the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font.  This does
# not affect framebuffer consoles

NORMAL="\\033[0;39m"         # Standard console grey
SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m"        # Success is green
WARNING="\\033[1;33m"        # Warnings are yellow
FAILURE="\\033[1;31m"        # Failures are red
INFO="\\033[1;36m"           # Information is light cyan
BRACKET="\\033[1;34m"        # Brackets are blue

# Use a colored prefix
BMPREFIX="     "
SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS}  *  ${NORMAL}"
FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL}"
WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL}"

SUCCESS_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${SUCCESS}  OK  ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"
FAILURE_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${FAILURE} FAIL ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"
WARNING_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${WARNING} WARN ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"

BOOTLOG=/run/var/bootlog
KILLDELAY=3

# Set any user specified environment variables e.g. HEADLESS
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ]  &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/rc.site

################################################################################
# start_daemon()                                                               #
# Usage: start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args...]      #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: This runs the specified program as a daemon                         #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: -f: (force) run the program even if it is already running.           #
#         -n nicelevel: specify a nice level. See 'man nice(1)'.               #
#         -p pidfile: use the specified file to determine PIDs.                #
#         pathname: the complete path to the specified program                 #
#         args: additional arguments passed to the program (pathname)          #
#                                                                              #
# Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes):                                #
#       0 - program is running or service is OK                                #
#       1 - generic or unspecified error                                       #
#       2 - invalid or excessive argument(s)                                   #
#       5 - program is not installed                                           #
################################################################################
start_daemon()
{
    local force=""
    local nice="0"
    local pidfile=""
    local pidlist=""
    local retval=""

    # Process arguments
    while true
    do
        case "${1}" in

            -f)
                force="1"
                shift 1
                ;;

            -n)
                nice="${2}"
                shift 2
                ;;

            -p)
                pidfile="${2}"
                shift 2
                ;;

            -*)
                return 2
                ;;

            *)
                program="${1}"
                break
                ;;
        esac
    done

    # Check for a valid program
    if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi

    # Execute
    if [ -z "${force}" ]; then
        if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
            # Determine the pid by discovery
            pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"`
            retval="${?}"
        else
            # The PID file contains the needed PIDs
            # Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc,
            # however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard.
            pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"`
            retval="${?}"
        fi

        # Return a value ONLY 
        # It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty
        # to log messages!
        case "${retval}" in

            0)
                # Program is already running correctly, this is a 
                # successful start.
                return 0
                ;;

            1)
                # Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists
                # remove the pid file and continue
                rm -f "${pidfile}"
                ;;

            3)
                # Program is not running and no pidfile exists
                # do nothing here, let start_deamon continue.
                ;;

            *)
                # Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted
                # and returned as an unspecified error.
                return 1
                ;;
        esac
    fi

    # Do the start!
    nice -n "${nice}" "${@}"
}

################################################################################
# killproc()                                                                   #
# Usage: killproc [-p pidfile] pathname [signal]                               #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Send control signals to running processes                           #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: -p pidfile, uses the specified pidfile                               #
#         pathname, pathname to the specified program                          #
#         signal, send this signal to pathname                                 #
#                                                                              #
# Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes):                                #
#       0 - program (pathname) has stopped/is already stopped or a             #
#           running program has been sent specified signal and stopped         #
#           successfully                                                       #
#       1 - generic or unspecified error                                       #
#       2 - invalid or excessive argument(s)                                   #
#       5 - program is not installed                                           #
#       7 - program is not running and a signal was supplied                   #
################################################################################
killproc()
{
    local pidfile
    local program
    local prefix
    local progname
    local signal="-TERM"
    local fallback="-KILL"
    local nosig
    local pidlist
    local retval
    local pid
    local delay="30"
    local piddead
    local dtime

    # Process arguments
    while true; do
        case "${1}" in
            -p)
                pidfile="${2}"
                shift 2
                ;;
 
             *)
                 program="${1}"
                 if [ -n "${2}" ]; then
                     signal="${2}"
                     fallback=""
                 else
                     nosig=1
                 fi

                 # Error on additional arguments
                 if [ -n "${3}" ]; then
                     return 2
                 else 
                     break
                 fi                 
                 ;;
        esac
    done

    # Check for a valid program
    if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi

    # Check for a valid signal
    check_signal "${signal}"
    if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 2; fi

    # Get a list of pids
    if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
        # determine the pid by discovery
        pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"`
        retval="${?}"
    else
        # The PID file contains the needed PIDs
        # Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc,
        # however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard.
        pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"`
        retval="${?}"
    fi

    # Return a value ONLY
    # It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty
    # to log messages!
    case "${retval}" in

        0)
            # Program is running correctly
            # Do nothing here, let killproc continue.
            ;;

        1)
            # Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists
            # Remove the pid file.
            rm -f "${pidfile}"

            # This is only a success if no signal was passed.
            if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then
                return 0
            else
                return 7
            fi
            ;;

        3)
            # Program is not running and no pidfile exists
            # This is only a success if no signal was passed.
            if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then
                return 0
            else
                return 7
            fi
            ;;

        *)
            # Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted
            # and returned as an unspecified error.
            return 1
            ;;
    esac

    # Perform different actions for exit signals and control signals
    check_sig_type "${signal}"

    if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then # Signal is used to terminate the program

        # Account for empty pidlist (pid file still exists and no 
        # signal was given)
        if [ "${pidlist}" != "" ]; then

            # Kill the list of pids
            for pid in ${pidlist}; do

                kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null

                if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then
                    # Process is dead, continue to next and assume all is well
                    continue
                else
                    kill "${signal}" "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null

                    # Wait up to ${delay}/10 seconds to for "${pid}" to 
                    # terminate in 10ths of a second

                    while [ "${delay}" -ne "0" ]; do
                        kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null || piddead="1"
                        if [ "${piddead}" = "1" ]; then break; fi
                        sleep 0.1
                        delay="$(( ${delay} - 1 ))"
                    done

                    # If a fallback is set, and program is still running, then
                    # use the fallback
                    if [ -n "${fallback}" -a "${piddead}" != "1" ]; then
                        kill "${fallback}" "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null
                        sleep 1
                        # Check again, and fail if still running
                        kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null &amp;&amp; return 1
                    fi
                fi
            done
        fi

        # Check for and remove stale PID files.
        if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
            # Find the basename of $program
            prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'`
            progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"`

            if [ -e "/var/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then
                rm -f "/var/run/${progname}.pid" 2&gt; /dev/null
            fi
        else
            if [ -e "${pidfile}" ]; then rm -f "${pidfile}" 2&gt; /dev/null; fi
        fi

    # For signals that do not expect a program to exit, simply
    # let kill do it's job, and evaluate kills return for value

    else # check_sig_type - signal is not used to terminate program
        for pid in ${pidlist}; do
            kill "${signal}" "${pid}"
            if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 1; fi
        done
    fi
}

################################################################################
# pidofproc()                                                                  #
# Usage: pidofproc [-p pidfile] pathname                                       #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: This function returns one or more pid(s) for a particular daemon    #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof               #
#         pathname, path to the specified program                              #
#                                                                              #
# Return values (as defined by LSB status codes):                              #
#       0 - Success (PIDs to stdout)                                           #
#       1 - Program is dead, PID file still exists (remaining PIDs output)     #
#       3 - Program is not running (no output)                                 #
################################################################################
pidofproc()
{
    local pidfile
    local program
    local prefix
    local progname
    local pidlist
    local lpids
    local exitstatus="0"

    # Process arguments
    while true; do
        case "${1}" in

            -p)
                pidfile="${2}"
                shift 2
                ;;

            *)
                program="${1}"
                if [ -n "${2}" ]; then
                    # Too many arguments
                    # Since this is status, return unknown
                    return 4
                else
                    break
                fi
                ;;
        esac
    done

    # If a PID file is not specified, try and find one.
    if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
        # Get the program's basename
        prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'`

        if [ -z "${prefix}" ]; then 
           progname="${program}"
        else
           progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"`
        fi

        # If a PID file exists with that name, assume that is it.
        if [ -e "/var/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then
            pidfile="/var/run/${progname}.pid"
        fi
    fi

    # If a PID file is set and exists, use it.
    if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then

        # Use the value in the first line of the pidfile
        pidlist=`/bin/head -n1 "${pidfile}"`
        # This can optionally be written as 'sed 1q' to repalce 'head -n1'
        # should LFS move /bin/head to /usr/bin/head
    else
        # Use pidof
        pidlist=`pidof "${program}"`
    fi

    # Figure out if all listed PIDs are running.
    for pid in ${pidlist}; do
        kill -0 ${pid} 2&gt; /dev/null

        if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then
            lpids="${lpids}${pid} "
        else
            exitstatus="1"
        fi
    done

    if [ -z "${lpids}" -a ! -f "${pidfile}" ]; then
        return 3
    else
        echo "${lpids}"
        return "${exitstatus}"
    fi
}

################################################################################
# statusproc()                                                                 #
# Usage: statusproc [-p pidfile] pathname                                      #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: This function prints the status of a particular daemon to stdout    #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof               #
#         pathname, path to the specified program                              #
#                                                                              #
# Return values:                                                               #
#       0 - Status printed                                                     #
#       1 - Input error. The daemon to check was not specified.                #
################################################################################
statusproc()
{
   local pidfile
   local pidlist

   if [ "${#}" = "0" ]; then
      echo "Usage: statusproc [-p pidfle] {program}"
      exit 1
   fi

   # Process arguments
   while true; do
       case "${1}" in

           -p)
               pidfile="${2}"
               shift 2
               ;;

           *)
               if [ -n "${2}" ]; then
                   echo "Too many arguments"
                   return 1
               else
                   break
               fi
               ;;
       esac
   done

   if [ -n "${pidfile}" ]; then
      pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" $@`
   else
      pidlist=`pidofproc $@`
   fi

   # Trim trailing blanks
   pidlist=`echo "${pidlist}" | sed -r 's/ +$//'`

   base="${1##*/}"

   if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then
      /bin/echo -e "${INFO}${base} is running with Process" \
         "ID(s) ${pidlist}.${NORMAL}"
   else
      if [ -n "${base}" -a -e "/var/run/${base}.pid" ]; then
         /bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running but" \
            "/var/run/${base}.pid exists.${NORMAL}"
      else
         if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then
            /bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running" \
               "but ${pidfile} exists.${NORMAL}"
         else
            /bin/echo -e "${INFO}${1} is not running.${NORMAL}"
         fi
      fi
   fi
}

################################################################################
# timespec()                                                                   #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: An internal utility function to format a timestamp                  #
#          a boot log file.  Sets the STAMP variable.                          #
#                                                                              #
# Return value: Not used                                                       #
################################################################################
timespec()
{
   STAMP="$(echo `date +"%b %d %T %:z"` `hostname`) "
   return 0
}

################################################################################
# log_success_msg()                                                            #
# Usage: log_success_msg ["message"]                                           #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Print a successful status message to the screen and                 #
#          a boot log file.                                                    #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: $@ - Message                                                         #
#                                                                              #
# Return values: Not used                                                      #
################################################################################
log_success_msg()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
    /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}"

    # Strip non-printable characters from log file
    logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`

    timespec
    /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} OK" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

log_success_msg2()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
    /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}"

    echo " OK" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

################################################################################
# log_failure_msg()                                                            #
# Usage: log_failure_msg ["message"]                                           #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Print a failure status message to the screen and                    #
#          a boot log file.                                                    #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: $@ - Message                                                         #
#                                                                              #
# Return values: Not used                                                      #
################################################################################
log_failure_msg()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
    /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}"

    # Strip non-printable characters from log file

    timespec
    logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
    /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} FAIL" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

log_failure_msg2()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
    /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}"

    echo "FAIL" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

################################################################################
# log_warning_msg()                                                            #
# Usage: log_warning_msg ["message"]                                           #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Print a warning status message to the screen and                    #
#          a boot log file.                                                    #
#                                                                              #
# Return values: Not used                                                      #
################################################################################
log_warning_msg()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
    /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${WARNING_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${WARNING_SUFFIX}"

    # Strip non-printable characters from log file
    logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
    timespec
    /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} WARN" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

################################################################################
# log_info_msg()                                                               #
# Usage: log_info_msg message                                                  #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Print an information message to the screen and                      #
#          a boot log file.  Does not print a trailing newline character.      #
#                                                                              #
# Return values: Not used                                                      #
################################################################################
log_info_msg()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"

    # Strip non-printable characters from log file
    logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
    timespec
    /bin/echo -n -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage}" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

log_info_msg2()
{
    /bin/echo -n -e "${@}"

    # Strip non-printable characters from log file
    logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
    /bin/echo -n -e "${logmessage}" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
    
    return 0
}

################################################################################
# evaluate_retval()                                                            #
# Usage: Evaluate a return value and print success or failyure as appropriate  #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Convenience function to terminate an info message                   #
#                                                                              #
# Return values: Not used                                                      #
################################################################################
evaluate_retval()
{
   local error_value="${?}"

   if [ ${error_value} = 0 ]; then
      log_success_msg2
   else
      log_failure_msg2
   fi
}

################################################################################
# check_signal()                                                               #
# Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ]                                 #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Check for a valid signal.  This is not defined by any LSB draft,    #
#          however, it is required to check the signals to determine if the    #
#          signals chosen are invalid arguments to the other functions.        #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal}   #
#                                                                              #
# Return values:                                                               #
#       0 - Success (signal is valid                                           #
#       1 - Signal is not valid                                                #
################################################################################
check_signal()
{
    local valsig

    # Add error handling for invalid signals
    valsig="-ALRM -HUP -INT -KILL -PIPE -POLL -PROF -TERM -USR1 -USR2"
    valsig="${valsig} -VTALRM -STKFLT -PWR -WINCH -CHLD -URG -TSTP -TTIN"
    valsig="${valsig} -TTOU -STOP -CONT -ABRT -FPE -ILL -QUIT -SEGV -TRAP"
    valsig="${valsig} -SYS -EMT -BUS -XCPU -XFSZ -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -8 -9"
    valsig="${valsig} -11 -13 -14 -15"

    echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " &gt; /dev/null

    if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then
        return 0
    else
        return 1
    fi
}

################################################################################
# check_sig_type()                                                             #
# Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ]                                 #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Check if signal is a program termination signal or a control signal #
#          This is not defined by any LSB draft, however, it is required to    #
#          check the signals to determine if they are intended to end a        #
#          program or simply to control it.                                    #
#                                                                              #
# Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal}   #
#                                                                              #
# Return values:                                                               #
#       0 - Signal is used for program termination                             #
#       1 - Signal is used for program control                                 #
################################################################################
check_sig_type()
{
    local valsig

    # The list of termination signals (limited to generally used items)
    valsig="-ALRM -INT -KILL -TERM -PWR -STOP -ABRT -QUIT -2 -3 -6 -9 -14 -15"

    echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " &gt; /dev/null

    if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then
        return 0
    else
        return 1
    fi
}

################################################################################
# wait_for_user()                                                              #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Wait for the user to respond if not a headless system               #
#                                                                              #
################################################################################
wait_for_user()
{
   # Wait for the user by default
   [ "${HEADLESS=0}" = "0" ] &amp;&amp; read ENTER
   return 0
}

################################################################################
# is_true()                                                                    #
#                                                                              #
# Purpose: Utility to test if a variable is true | yes | 1                     #
#                                                                              #
################################################################################
is_true()
{
   [ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ] ||  [ "$1" = "y" ] ||
   [ "$1" = "t" ]
}

# End /lib/lsb/init-functions
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="functions" name=
                    "functions"></a>D.3.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin boot functions
#
# Description : Run Level Control Functions
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
# Notes       : With code based on Matthias Benkmann's simpleinit-msb
#               http://winterdrache.de/linux/newboot/index.html
#
#               This file is only present for backward BLFS compatibility
#
########################################################################

## Environmental setup
# Setup default values for environment
umask 022
export PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin"

# Signal sent to running processes to refresh their configuration
RELOADSIG="HUP"

# Number of seconds between STOPSIG and FALLBACK when stopping processes
KILLDELAY="3"

## Screen Dimensions
# Find current screen size
if [ -z "${COLUMNS}" ]; then
   COLUMNS=$(stty size)
   COLUMNS=${COLUMNS##* }
fi

# When using remote connections, such as a serial port, stty size returns 0
if [ "${COLUMNS}" = "0" ]; then 
   COLUMNS=80
fi

## Measurements for positioning result messages
COL=$((${COLUMNS} - 8))
WCOL=$((${COL} - 2))

## Provide an echo that supports -e and -n
# If formatting is needed, $ECHO should be used
case "`echo -e -n test`" in
   -[en]*)
      ECHO=/bin/echo
      ;;
   *)
      ECHO=echo
      ;;
esac

## Set Cursor Position Commands, used via $ECHO
SET_COL="\\033[${COL}G"      # at the $COL char
SET_WCOL="\\033[${WCOL}G"    # at the $WCOL char
CURS_UP="\\033[1A\\033[0G"   # Up one line, at the 0'th char

## Set color commands, used via $ECHO
# Please consult `man console_codes for more information
# under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section
#
# Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font,
# the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to
# the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font.  This does
# not affect framebuffer consoles
NORMAL="\\033[0;39m"         # Standard console grey
SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m"        # Success is green
WARNING="\\033[1;33m"        # Warnings are yellow
FAILURE="\\033[1;31m"        # Failures are red
INFO="\\033[1;36m"           # Information is light cyan
BRACKET="\\033[1;34m"        # Brackets are blue

STRING_LENGTH="0"   # the length of the current message

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - boot_mesg()
#
# Purpose:      Sending information from bootup scripts to the console
#
# Inputs:       $1 is the message
#               $2 is the colorcode for the console
#
# Outputs:      Standard Output
#
# Dependencies: - sed for parsing strings.
#          - grep for counting string length.
#               
# Todo:         
#*******************************************************************************
boot_mesg()
{
   local ECHOPARM=""

   while true
   do
      case "${1}" in
         -n)
            ECHOPARM=" -n "
            shift 1
            ;;
         -*)
            echo "Unknown Option: ${1}"
            return 1
            ;;
         *)
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   ## Figure out the length of what is to be printed to be used
   ## for warning messages. 
   STRING_LENGTH=$((${#1} + 1))

   # Print the message to the screen
   ${ECHO} ${ECHOPARM} -e "${2}${1}"

   # Log the message 
   [ -d /run/var ] || return
   ${ECHO} ${ECHOPARM} -e "${2}${1}" &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
}

boot_mesg_flush()
{
   # Reset STRING_LENGTH for next message
   STRING_LENGTH="0"
}

echo_ok()
{
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${CURS_UP}${SET_COL}${BRACKET}[${SUCCESS}  OK  ${BRACKET}]"
   ${ECHO} -e "${NORMAL}"
   boot_mesg_flush

   [ -d /run/var ] || return
   ${ECHO} -e "[ OK ]" &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
}

echo_failure()
{
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${CURS_UP}${SET_COL}${BRACKET}[${FAILURE} FAIL ${BRACKET}]"
   ${ECHO} -e "${NORMAL}"
    boot_mesg_flush

   [ -d /run/var ] || return
   ${ECHO} -e "[ FAIL]"  &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
}

echo_warning()
{
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${CURS_UP}${SET_COL}${BRACKET}[${WARNING} WARN ${BRACKET}]"
   ${ECHO} -e "${NORMAL}"
   boot_mesg_flush

   [ -d /run/var ] || return
   ${ECHO} -e "[ WARN ]"  &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
}

echo_skipped()
{
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${CURS_UP}${SET_COL}${BRACKET}[${WARNING} SKIP ${BRACKET}]"
   ${ECHO} -e "${NORMAL}"
   boot_mesg_flush

   [ -d /run/var ] || return
   ${ECHO} -e "  [ SKIP ]" &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
}

wait_for_user()
{
   # Wait for the user by default
   [ "${HEADLESS=0}" = "0" ] &amp;&amp; read ENTER
}

evaluate_retval()
{
   error_value="${?}"

   if [ ${error_value} = 0 ]; then
      echo_ok
   else
      echo_failure
   fi

   # This prevents the 'An Unexpected Error Has Occurred' from trivial
   # errors.
   return 0
}

print_status()
{
   if [ "${#}" = "0" ]; then
      echo "Usage: ${0} {success|warning|failure}"
      return 1
   fi

   case "${1}" in

      success)
         echo_ok
         ;;

      warning)
         # Leave this extra case in because old scripts
         # may call it this way.
         case "${2}" in
            running)
               ${ECHO} -e -n "${CURS_UP}"
               ${ECHO} -e -n "\\033[${STRING_LENGTH}G   "
               boot_mesg "Already running." ${WARNING}
               echo_warning
               ;;
            not_running)
               ${ECHO} -e -n "${CURS_UP}"
               ${ECHO} -e -n "\\033[${STRING_LENGTH}G   "
               boot_mesg "Not running." ${WARNING}
               echo_warning
               ;;
            not_available)
               ${ECHO} -e -n "${CURS_UP}"
               ${ECHO} -e -n "\\033[${STRING_LENGTH}G   "
               boot_mesg "Not available." ${WARNING}
               echo_warning
               ;;
            *)
               # This is how it is supposed to
               # be called
               echo_warning
               ;;
         esac
      ;;

      failure)
         echo_failure
      ;;

   esac

}

reloadproc()
{
   local pidfile=""
   local failure=0

   while true
   do
      case "${1}" in
         -p)
            pidfile="${2}"
            shift 2
            ;;
         -*)
            log_failure_msg "Unknown Option: ${1}"
            return 2
            ;;
         *)
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   if [ "${#}" -lt "1" ]; then
      log_failure_msg "Usage: reloadproc [-p pidfile] pathname"
      return 2
   fi

   # This will ensure compatibility with previous LFS Bootscripts
   if [ -n "${PIDFILE}" ]; then
      pidfile="${PIDFILE}"
   fi

   # Is the process running?
   if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
      pidofproc -s "${1}"
   else
      pidofproc -s -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"
   fi

   # Warn about stale pid file
   if [ "$?" = 1 ]; then
      boot_mesg -n "Removing stale pid file: ${pidfile}. " ${WARNING}
      rm -f "${pidfile}"
   fi

   if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then
      for pid in ${pidlist}
      do
         kill -"${RELOADSIG}" "${pid}" || failure="1"
      done

      (exit ${failure})
      evaluate_retval

   else
      boot_mesg "Process ${1} not running." ${WARNING}
      echo_warning
   fi
}

statusproc()
{
   local pidfile=""
   local base=""
   local ret=""

   while true
   do
      case "${1}" in
         -p)
            pidfile="${2}"
            shift 2
            ;;
         -*)
            log_failure_msg "Unknown Option: ${1}"
            return 2
            ;;
         *)
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   if [ "${#}" != "1" ]; then
      shift 1
      log_failure_msg "Usage: statusproc [-p pidfile] pathname"
      return 2
   fi

   # Get the process basename
   base="${1##*/}"

   # This will ensure compatibility with previous LFS Bootscripts
   if [ -n "${PIDFILE}" ]; then
      pidfile="${PIDFILE}"
   fi

   # Is the process running?
   if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
      pidofproc -s "${1}"
   else
      pidofproc -s -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"
   fi

   # Store the return status
   ret=$?

   if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then
      ${ECHO} -e "${INFO}${base} is running with Process"\
         "ID(s) ${pidlist}.${NORMAL}"
   else
      if [ -n "${base}" -a -e "/var/run/${base}.pid" ]; then
         ${ECHO} -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running but"\
            "/var/run/${base}.pid exists.${NORMAL}"
      else
         if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then
            ${ECHO} -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running"\
               "but ${pidfile} exists.${NORMAL}"
         else
            ${ECHO} -e "${INFO}${1} is not running.${NORMAL}"
         fi
      fi
   fi

   # Return the status from pidofproc
   return $ret
}

# The below functions are documented in the LSB-generic 2.1.0

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - pidofproc [-s] [-p pidfile] pathname
#
# Purpose: This function returns one or more pid(s) for a particular daemon
#
# Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof
#         pathname, path to the specified program
#
# Outputs: return 0 - Success, pid's in stdout
#          return 1 - Program is dead, pidfile exists
#          return 2 - Invalid or excessive number of arguments, 
#                     warning in stdout
#          return 3 - Program is not running
#
# Dependencies: pidof, echo, head
#
# Todo: Remove dependency on head
#       This replaces getpids
#       Test changes to pidof
#
#*******************************************************************************
pidofproc()
{
   local pidfile=""
   local lpids=""
   local silent=""
   pidlist=""
   while true
   do
      case "${1}" in
         -p)
            pidfile="${2}"
            shift 2
            ;;

         -s)
            # Added for legacy opperation of getpids
            # eliminates several '&gt; /dev/null'
            silent="1"
            shift 1
            ;;
         -*)
            log_failure_msg "Unknown Option: ${1}"
            return 2
            ;;
         *)
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   if [ "${#}" != "1" ]; then
      shift 1
      log_failure_msg "Usage: pidofproc [-s] [-p pidfile] pathname"
      return 2
   fi

   if [ -n "${pidfile}" ]; then
      if [ ! -r "${pidfile}" ]; then
         return 3 # Program is not running
      fi

      lpids=`head -n 1 ${pidfile}`
      for pid in ${lpids}
      do
         if [ "${pid}" -ne "$$" -a "${pid}" -ne "${PPID}" ]; then
            kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp;
            pidlist="${pidlist} ${pid}"
         fi
         
         if [ "${silent}" != "1" ]; then
            echo "${pidlist}"
         fi

         test -z "${pidlist}" &amp;&amp; 
         # Program is dead, pidfile exists
         return 1
         # else
         return 0
      done

   else
      pidlist=`pidof -o $$ -o $PPID -x "$1"`
      if [ "${silent}" != "1" ]; then
         echo "${pidlist}"
      fi

      # Get provide correct running status
      if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then
         return 0
      else
         return 3
      fi

   fi

   if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
      return 3 # Program is not running
   fi
}

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - loadproc [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args]
#
# Purpose: This runs the specified program as a daemon
#
# Inputs: -f, run the program even if it is already running
#         -n nicelevel, specifies a nice level. See nice(1).
#         -p pidfile, uses the specified pidfile
#         pathname, pathname to the specified program
#         args, arguments to pass to specified program
#
# Outputs: return 0 - Success
#          return 2 - Invalid of excessive number of arguments, 
#                     warning in stdout
#          return 4 - Program or service status is unknown
#
# Dependencies: nice, rm
#
# Todo: LSB says this should be called start_daemon
#       LSB does not say that it should call evaluate_retval
#       It checks for PIDFILE, which is deprecated.
#         Will be removed after BLFS 6.0
#       loadproc returns 0 if program is already running, not LSB compliant
#
#*******************************************************************************
loadproc()
{
   local pidfile=""
   local forcestart=""
   local nicelevel="10"

# This will ensure compatibility with previous LFS Bootscripts
   if [ -n "${PIDFILE}" ]; then
      pidfile="${PIDFILE}"
   fi

  while true
   do
      case "${1}" in
         -f)
            forcestart="1"
            shift 1
            ;;
         -n)
            nicelevel="${2}"
            shift 2
            ;;
         -p)
            pidfile="${2}"
            shift 2
            ;;
         -*)
            log_failure_msg "Unknown Option: ${1}"
            return 2 #invalid or excess argument(s)
            ;;
         *)
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   if [ "${#}" = "0" ]; then
      log_failure_msg "Usage: loadproc [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args]"
      return 2 #invalid or excess argument(s)
   fi

   if [ -z "${forcestart}" ]; then
      if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
         pidofproc -s "${1}"
      else
         pidofproc -s -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"
      fi

      case "${?}" in
         0)
            log_warning_msg "Unable to continue: ${1} is running"
            return 0 # 4
            ;;
         1)
            boot_mesg "Removing stale pid file: ${pidfile}" ${WARNING}
            rm -f "${pidfile}"
            ;;
         3)
            ;;
         *)
            log_failure_msg "Unknown error code from pidofproc: ${?}"
            return 4
            ;;
      esac
   fi

   nice -n "${nicelevel}" "${@}"
   evaluate_retval # This is "Probably" not LSB compliant,
#                         but required to be compatible with older bootscripts
   return 0
}

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - killproc  [-p pidfile] pathname [signal]
#
# Purpose:
#
# Inputs: -p pidfile, uses the specified pidfile
#         pathname, pathname to the specified program
#         signal, send this signal to pathname
#
# Outputs: return 0 - Success
#          return 2 - Invalid of excessive number of arguments, 
#                     warning in stdout
#          return 4 - Unknown Status
#
# Dependencies: kill, rm
#
# Todo: LSB does not say that it should call evaluate_retval
#       It checks for PIDFILE, which is deprecated.
#         Will be removed after BLFS 6.0
#
#*******************************************************************************
killproc()
{
   local pidfile=""
   local killsig=TERM # default signal is SIGTERM
   pidlist=""

   # This will ensure compatibility with previous LFS Bootscripts
   if [ -n "${PIDFILE}" ]; then
      pidfile="${PIDFILE}"
   fi

   while true
   do
      case "${1}" in
         -p)
            pidfile="${2}"
            shift 2
            ;;
         -*)
            log_failure_msg "Unknown Option: ${1}"
            return 2
            ;;
         *)
            break
            ;;
      esac
   done

   if [ "${#}" = "2" ]; then
      killsig="${2}"
   elif [ "${#}" != "1" ]; then
      shift 2
      log_failure_msg "Usage: killproc  [-p pidfile] pathname [signal]"
      return 2
   fi

   # Is the process running?
   if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
      pidofproc -s "${1}"
   else
      pidofproc -s -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"
   fi

   # Remove stale pidfile
   if [ "$?" = 1 ]; then
      boot_mesg "Removing stale pid file: ${pidfile}." ${WARNING}
      rm -f "${pidfile}"
   fi

    # If running, send the signal
    if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then
   for pid in ${pidlist}
   do
      kill -${killsig} ${pid} 2&gt;/dev/null

      # Wait up to 3 seconds, for ${pid} to terminate
      case "${killsig}" in
      TERM|SIGTERM|KILL|SIGKILL)
         # sleep in 1/10ths of seconds and
         # multiply KILLDELAY by 10
         local dtime="${KILLDELAY}0"
         while [ "${dtime}" != "0" ]
         do
            kill -0 ${pid} 2&gt;/dev/null || break
            sleep 0.1
            dtime=$(( ${dtime} - 1))
         done
         # If ${pid} is still running, kill it
         kill -0 ${pid} 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; kill -KILL ${pid} 2&gt;/dev/null
         ;;
      esac
   done

   # Check if the process is still running if we tried to stop it
   case "${killsig}" in
   TERM|SIGTERM|KILL|SIGKILL)
      if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
         pidofproc -s "${1}"
      else
         pidofproc -s -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"
      fi

      # Program was terminated
      if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
         # Remove the pidfile if necessary
         if [ -f "${pidfile}" ]; then
            rm -f "${pidfile}"
         fi
         echo_ok
         return 0
      else # Program is still running
         echo_failure
         return 4 # Unknown Status
      fi
      ;;
   *)
      # Just see if the kill returned successfully
      evaluate_retval
      ;;
   esac
    else # process not running
   print_status warning not_running
    fi
}


#*******************************************************************************
# Function - log_success_msg "message"
#
# Purpose: Print a success message
#
# Inputs: $@ - Message
#
# Outputs: Text output to screen
#
# Dependencies: echo
#
# Todo: logging
#
#*******************************************************************************
log_success_msg()
{
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${BOOTMESG_PREFIX}${@}"
   ${ECHO} -e "${SET_COL}""${BRACKET}""[""${SUCCESS}""  OK  ""${BRACKET}""]""${NORMAL}"

   [ -d /run/var ] || return 0
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${@}  [ OK ]"  &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
   return 0
}

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - log_failure_msg "message"
#
# Purpose: Print a failure message
#
# Inputs: $@ - Message
#
# Outputs: Text output to screen
#
# Dependencies: echo
#
# Todo: logging
#
#*******************************************************************************
log_failure_msg() {
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${BOOTMESG_PREFIX}${@}"
   ${ECHO} -e "${SET_COL}""${BRACKET}""[""${FAILURE}"" FAIL ""${BRACKET}""]""${NORMAL}"

   [ -d /run/var ] || return 0
   ${ECHO} -e "${@}  [ FAIL ]" &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
   return 0
}

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - log_warning_msg "message"
#
# Purpose: print a warning message
#
# Inputs: $@ - Message
#
# Outputs: Text output to screen
#
# Dependencies: echo
#
# Todo: logging
#
#*******************************************************************************
log_warning_msg() {
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${BOOTMESG_PREFIX}${@}"
   ${ECHO} -e "${SET_COL}""${BRACKET}""[""${WARNING}"" WARN ""${BRACKET}""]""${NORMAL}"

   [ -d /run/var ] || return 0
   ${ECHO} -e "${@}  [ WARN ]" &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
   return 0
}

#*******************************************************************************
# Function - log_skipped_msg "message"
#
# Purpose: print a message that the script was skipped
#
# Inputs: $@ - Message
#
# Outputs: Text output to screen
#
# Dependencies: echo
#
# Todo: logging
#
#*******************************************************************************
log_skipped_msg() {
   ${ECHO} -n -e "${BOOTMESG_PREFIX}${@}"
   ${ECHO} -e "${SET_COL}""${BRACKET}""[""${WARNING}"" SKIP ""${BRACKET}""]""${NORMAL}"

   [ -d /run/var ] || return 0
   ${ECHO} -e "${@}  [ SKIP ]" &gt;&gt; /run/var/bootlog
   return 0
}

# End boot functions
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="mountvirtfs" name=
                    "mountvirtfs"></a>D.4.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin mountvirtfs
#
# Description : Mount proc, sysfs, and run
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            mountvirtfs
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems.
#                      Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs).
# Description:         Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems.
#                      Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs).
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      # Make sure /run/var is available before logging any messages
      if ! mountpoint /run &gt;/dev/null; then
         mount -n /run || failed=1
      fi

      mkdir -p /run/var /run/lock /run/shm
      chmod 1777 /run/shm

      log_info_msg "Mounting virtual file systems: ${INFO}/run" 

      if ! mountpoint /proc &gt;/dev/null; then
         log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/proc"
         mount -n -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /proc || failed=1
      fi

      if ! mountpoint /sys &gt;/dev/null; then
         log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/sys" 
         mount -n -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /sys || failed=1
      fi

      if ! mountpoint /dev &gt;/dev/null; then
         log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/dev" 
         mount -n -o mode=0755,nosuid /dev  || failed=1
      fi

      # Copy devices that Udev &gt;= 155 doesn't handle to /dev
      cp -a /lib/udev/devices/* /dev

      ln -sfn /run/shm /dev/shm
      
      (exit ${failed})
      evaluate_retval
      exit $failed
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

# End mountvirtfs
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="modules" name=
                    "modules"></a>D.5.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/modules
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin modules
#
# Description : Module auto-loading script
#
# Authors     : Zack Winkles
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            modules
# Required-Start:      mountvirtfs sysctl
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Loads required modules.
# Description:         Loads modules listed in /etc/sysconfig/modules.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

# Assure that the kernel has module support.
[ -e /proc/ksyms -o -e /proc/modules ] || exit 0

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      # Exit if there's no modules file or there are no
      # valid entries
      [ -r /etc/sysconfig/modules ]             || exit 0
      egrep -qv '^($|#)' /etc/sysconfig/modules || exit 0

      log_info_msg "Loading modules:" 

      # Only try to load modules if the user has actually given us
      # some modules to load.

      while read module args; do

         # Ignore comments and blank lines.
         case "$module" in
            ""|"#"*) continue ;;
         esac

         # Attempt to load the module, passing any arguments provided.
         modprobe ${module} ${args} &gt;/dev/null

         # Print the module name if successful, otherwise take note.
         if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
            log_info_msg2 " ${module}" 
         else
            failedmod="${failedmod} ${module}"
         fi
      done &lt; /etc/sysconfig/modules

      # Print a message about successfully loaded modules on the correct line.
      log_success_msg2

      # Print a failure message with a list of any modules that 
      # may have failed to load.
      if [ -n "${failedmod}" ]; then
         log_failure_msg "Failed to load modules:${failedmod}" 
         exit 1
      fi
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End modules
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="udev" name=
                    "udev"></a>D.6.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin udev
#
# Description : Udev cold-plugging script
#
# Authors     : Zack Winkles, Alexander E. Patrakov
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            udev $time
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:        modules
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Populates /dev with device nodes.
# Description:         Mounts a tempfs on /dev and starts the udevd daemon.
#                      Device nodes are created as defined by udev.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Populating /dev with device nodes... "
      if ! grep -q '[[:space:]]sysfs' /proc/mounts; then
         log_failure_msg2
         msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnable to create "
         msg="${msg}devices without a SysFS filesystem\n\n"
         msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system "
         msg="${msg}will be halted and powered off.\n\n"
         log_info_msg "$msg"
         log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
         wait_for_user
         /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop
      fi

      # Udev handles uevents itself, so we don't need to have
      # the kernel call out to any binary in response to them
      echo &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug

      # Start the udev daemon to continually watch for, and act on,
      # uevents
      /lib/udev/udevd --daemon

      # Now traverse /sys in order to "coldplug" devices that have
      # already been discovered
      /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add    --type=subsystems
      /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add    --type=devices
      /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=change --type=devices

      # Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered
      if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE"; then
         /sbin/udevadm settle
      fi

      # If any LVM based partitions are on the system, ensure they
      # are activated so they can be used.
      if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -a y &gt;/dev/null; fi 

      log_success_msg2 
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage ${0} {start}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End udev
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="swap" name=
                    "swap"></a>D.7.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/swap
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin swap
#
# Description : Swap Control Script
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            swap
# Required-Start:      udev
# Should-Start:        modules
# Required-Stop:       localnet
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:        0 6
# Short-Description:   Mounts and unmounts swap partitions.
# Description:         Mounts and unmounts swap partitions defined in
#                      /etc/fstab.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Activating all swap files/partitions..."
      swapon -a
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   stop)
      log_info_msg "Deactivating all swap files/partitions..."
      swapoff -a
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   restart)
      ${0} stop
      sleep 1
      ${0} start
      ;;

   status)
      log_success_msg "Retrieving swap status." 
      swapon -s
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End swap
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="setclock" name=
                    "setclock"></a>D.8.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin setclock
#
# Description : Setting Linux Clock
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:        modules
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:         $syslog
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Stores and restores time from the hardware clock
# Description:         On boot, system time is obtained from hwclock.  The
#                      hardware clock can also be set on shutdown.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS BLFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

[ -r /etc/sysconfig/clock ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/clock


case "${UTC}" in
   yes|true|1)
      CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --utc"
      ;;

   no|false|0)
      CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --localtime"
      ;;

esac

case ${1} in
   start)
      hwclock --hctosys ${CLOCKPARAMS} &gt;/dev/null
      ;;

   stop)
      log_info_msg "Setting hardware clock..."
      hwclock --systohc ${CLOCKPARAMS} &gt;/dev/null
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}"
      exit 1
      ;;

esac

exit 0
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="checkfs" name=
                    "checkfs"></a>D.9.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin checkfs
#
# Description : File System Check
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               A. Luebke - luebke@users.sourceforge.net
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
# Based on checkfs script from LFS-3.1 and earlier.
#
# From man fsck
# 0    - No errors
# 1    - File system errors corrected
# 2    - System should be rebooted
# 4    - File system errors left uncorrected
# 8    - Operational error
# 16   - Usage or syntax error
# 32   - Fsck canceled by user request
# 128  - Shared library error
#
#########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            checkfs
# Required-Start:      udev swap $time
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Checks local filesystems before mounting.
# Description:         Checks local filesystmes before mounting.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      if [ -f /fastboot ]; then
         msg="/fastboot found, will omit "
         msg="${msg} file system checks as requested.\n"
         log_info_msg "${msg}"
         exit 0
      fi

      log_info_msg "Mounting root file system in read-only mode... "
      mount -n -o remount,ro / &gt;/dev/null

      if [ ${?} != 0 ]; then
         log_failure_msg2
         msg="\n\nCannot check root "
         msg="${msg}filesystem because it could not be mounted "
         msg="${msg}in read-only mode.\n\n"
         msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be "
         msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n"
         log_failure_msg "${msg}"

         log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." 
         wait_for_user
         /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop
      else
         log_success_msg2
      fi

      if [ -f /forcefsck ]; then
         msg="\n/forcefsck found, forcing file" 
         msg="${msg} system checks as requested."
         log_success_msg "$msg"
         options="-f"
      else
         options=""
      fi

      log_info_msg "Checking file systems..."
      # Note: -a option used to be -p; but this fails e.g. on fsck.minix
      if is_true "$VERBOSE_FSCK"; then
        fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T
      else
        fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T &gt;/dev/null
      fi

      error_value=${?}

      if [ "${error_value}" = 0 ]; then
         log_success_msg2
      fi

      if [ "${error_value}" = 1 ]; then
         msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors "
         msg="${msg}were found and have been corrected.\n"
         msg="${msg}You may want to double-check that "
         msg="${msg}everything was fixed properly."
         log_warning_msg "$msg"
      fi

      if [ "${error_value}" = 2 -o "${error_value}" = 3 ]; then
         msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors "
         msg="${msg}were found and have been been "
         msg="${msg}corrected, but the nature of the "
         msg="${msg}errors require this system to be rebooted.\n\n"
         msg="${msg}After you press enter, "
         msg="${msg}this system will be rebooted\n\n"
         log_failure_msg "$msg"

         log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." 
         wait_for_user
         reboot -f
      fi

      if [ "${error_value}" -gt 3 -a "${error_value}" -lt 16 ]; then
         msg="\nFAILURE:\n\nFile system errors "
         msg="${msg}were encountered that could not be "
         msg="${msg}fixed automatically.  This system "
         msg="${msg}cannot continue to boot and will "
         msg="${msg}therefore be halted until those "
         msg="${msg}errors are fixed manually by a "
         msg="${msg}System Administrator.\n\n"
         msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be "
         msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n"
         log_failure_msg "$msg"

         log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." 
         wait_for_user
         /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop
      fi

      if [ "${error_value}" -ge 16 ]; then
         msg="\nFAILURE:\n\nUnexpected Failure "
         msg="${msg}running fsck.  Exited with error "
         msg="${msg} code: ${error_value}."
         log_failure_msg $msg
         exit ${error_value}
      fi

      exit 0
      ;;
   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

# End checkfs
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="mountfs" name=
                    "mountfs"></a>D.10.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin mountfs
#
# Description : File System Mount Script
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            $local_fs
# Required-Start:      udev checkfs
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:       swap
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:        0 6
# Short-Description:   Mounts/unmounts local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab.
# Description:         Remounts root filesystem read/write and mounts all
#                      remaining local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab on
#                      start.  Remounts root filesystem read-only and unmounts
#                      remaining filesystems on stop.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Remounting root file system in read-write mode..."
      mount -n -o remount,rw / &gt;/dev/null
      evaluate_retval

      # Remove fsck-related file system watermarks.
      rm -f /fastboot /forcefsck

      log_info_msg "Recording existing mounts in /etc/mtab..."
      &gt; /etc/mtab

      mount -f /     || failed=1
      mount -f /proc || failed=1
      mount -f /sys  || failed=1
      mount -f /run  || failed=1
      mount -f /dev  || failed=1
      (exit ${failed})
      evaluate_retval

      # This will mount all filesystems that do not have _netdev in
      # their option list.  _netdev denotes a network filesystem.

      log_info_msg "Mounting remaining file systems..."
      mount -a -O no_netdev &gt;/dev/null
      evaluate_retval
      exit $failed
      ;;

   stop)
      # Don't unmount tmpfs like /run
      log_info_msg "Unmounting all other currently mounted file systems..."
      umount -a -d -r -t notmpfs,nosysfs,nodevtmpfs,noproc &gt;/dev/null
      evaluate_retval

      # Make all LVM volume groups unavailable, if appropriate
      # This fails if swap or / are on an LVM partition
      #if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -an &gt; /dev/null; fi
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

# End mountfs
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="udev_retry" name=
                    "udev_retry"></a>D.11.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin udev_retry
#
# Description : Udev cold-plugging script (retry)
#
# Authors     : Alexander E. Patrakov
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Bryan Kadzban - 
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            udev_retry
# Required-Start:      udev
# Should-Start:        $local_fs
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Replays failed uevents and creates additional devices.
# Description:         Replays any failed uevents that were skipped due to
#                      slow hardware initialization, and creates those needed
#                      device nodes
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Retrying failed uevents, if any..."

      # As of udev-186, the --run option is no longer valid
      #rundir=$(/sbin/udevadm info --run)
      rundir=/run/udev
      # From Debian: "copy the rules generated before / was mounted
      # read-write":
    
      for file in ${rundir}/tmp-rules--*; do
         dest=${file##*tmp-rules--}
         [ "$dest" = '*' ] &amp;&amp; break
         cat $file &gt;&gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/$dest
         rm -f $file
      done

      # Re-trigger the uevents that may have failed, 
      # in hope they will succeed now
      /bin/sed -e 's/#.*$//' /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry | /bin/grep -v '^$' | \
      while read line ; do
         for subsystem in $line ; do
            /sbin/udevadm trigger --subsystem-match=$subsystem --action=add
         done
      done

      # Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered
      if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE"; then
         /sbin/udevadm settle
      fi

      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage ${0} {start}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End udev_retry
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="cleanfs" name=
                    "cleanfs"></a>D.12.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin cleanfs
#
# Description : Clean file system
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            cleanfs
# Required-Start:      $local_fs
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Cleans temporary directories early in the boot process.
# Description:         Cleans temporary directories /var/run, /var/lock, and
#                      optionally, /tmp.  cleanfs also creates /var/run/utmp 
#                      and any files defined in /etc/sysconfig/createfiles.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# Function to create files/directory on boot.
create_files() 
{
   # Input to file descriptor 9 and output to stdin (redirection)
   exec 9&gt;&amp;0 &lt; /etc/sysconfig/createfiles

   while read name type perm usr grp dtype maj min junk
   do
      # Ignore comments and blank lines.
      case "${name}" in
         ""|\#*) continue ;;
      esac

      # Ignore existing files.
      if [ ! -e "${name}" ]; then
         # Create stuff based on its type.
         case "${type}" in
            dir)
               mkdir "${name}"
               ;;
            file)
               :&gt; "${name}"
               ;;
            dev)
               case "${dtype}" in
                  char)
                     mknod "${name}" c ${maj} ${min}
                     ;;
                  block)
                     mknod "${name}" b ${maj} ${min}
                     ;;
                  pipe)
                     mknod "${name}" p
                     ;;
                  *) 
                     log_warning_msg "\nUnknown device type: ${dtype}" 
                     ;;
               esac
               ;;
            *)
               log_warning_msg "\nUnknown type: ${type}" 
               continue
               ;;
         esac

         # Set up the permissions, too.
         chown ${usr}:${grp} "${name}"
         chmod ${perm} "${name}"
      fi
   done

   # Close file descriptor 9 (end redirection)
   exec 0&gt;&amp;9 9&gt;&amp;-
   return 0
}

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Cleaning file systems:" 

      if [ "${SKIPTMPCLEAN}" = "" ]; then
         log_info_msg2 " /tmp" 
         cd /tmp &amp;&amp;
         find . -xdev -mindepth 1 ! -name lost+found -delete || failed=1
      fi

      &gt; /var/run/utmp

      if grep -q '^utmp:' /etc/group ; then
         chmod 664 /var/run/utmp
         chgrp utmp /var/run/utmp
      fi

      (exit ${failed})
      evaluate_retval

      if egrep -qv '^(#|$)' /etc/sysconfig/createfiles 2&gt;/dev/null; then
         log_info_msg "Creating files and directories... "
         create_files      # Always returns 0
         evaluate_retval
      fi

      exit $failed
      ;;
   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

# End cleanfs
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="console" name=
                    "console"></a>D.13.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/console
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin console
#
# Description : Sets keymap and screen font
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Alexander E. Patrakov
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            console
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:        $local_fs
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Sets up a localised console.
# Description:         Sets up fonts and language settings for the user's
#                      local as defined by /etc/sysconfig/console.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# Native English speakers probably don't have /etc/sysconfig/console at all
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/console

is_true() 
{
   [ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ]
}

failed=0

case "${1}" in
   start)
      # See if we need to do anything
      if [ -z "${KEYMAP}"         ] &amp;&amp; [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] &amp;&amp;
         [ -z "${FONT}"           ] &amp;&amp; [ -z "${LEGACY_CHARSET}"     ] &amp;&amp;     
         ! is_true "${UNICODE}"; then 
         exit 0
      fi

      # There should be no bogus failures below this line!
      log_info_msg "Setting up Linux console..."

      # Figure out if a framebuffer console is used
      [ -d /sys/class/graphics/fb0 ] &amp;&amp; use_fb=1 || use_fb=0

      # Figure out the command to set the console into the
      # desired mode
      is_true "${UNICODE}" &amp;&amp;
         MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%G' &amp;&amp; kbd_mode -u" ||
         MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%@\033(K' &amp;&amp; kbd_mode -a"

      # On framebuffer consoles, font has to be set for each vt in
      # UTF-8 mode. This doesn't hurt in non-UTF-8 mode also.

      ! is_true "${use_fb}" || [ -z "${FONT}" ] ||
         MODE_COMMAND="${MODE_COMMAND} &amp;&amp; setfont ${FONT}"

      # Apply that command to all consoles mentioned in
      # /etc/inittab. Important: in the UTF-8 mode this should
      # happen before setfont, otherwise a kernel bug will
      # show up and the unicode map of the font will not be
      # used.

      for TTY in `grep '^[^#].*respawn:/sbin/agetty' /etc/inittab |
         grep -o '\btty[[:digit:]]*\b'`
      do
         openvt -f -w -c ${TTY#tty} -- \
            /bin/sh -c "${MODE_COMMAND}" || failed=1
      done

      # Set the font (if not already set above) and the keymap
      [ "${use_fb}" == "1" ] || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || setfont $FONT || failed=1

      [ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] ||
         loadkeys ${KEYMAP} &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ||
         failed=1
      
      [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] ||
         loadkeys ${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS} &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ||
         failed=1

      # Convert the keymap from $LEGACY_CHARSET to UTF-8
      [ -z "$LEGACY_CHARSET" ] ||
         dumpkeys -c "$LEGACY_CHARSET" | loadkeys -u &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ||
         failed=1

      # If any of the commands above failed, the trap at the
      # top would set $failed to 1
      ( exit $failed ) 
      evaluate_retval

      exit $failed
      ;;              

   *)                 
      echo "Usage:  ${0} {start}"
      exit 1          
      ;;              
esac

# End console
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="localnet" name=
                    "localnet"></a>D.14.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin localnet
#
# Description : Loopback device
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans  - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            localnet
# Required-Start:      $local_fs
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:        0 6
# Short-Description:   Starts the local network.
# Description:         Sets the hostname of the machine and starts the
#                      loopback interface.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/network ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/network

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Bringing up the loopback interface..."
      ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 label lo dev lo
      ip link set lo up
      evaluate_retval

      log_info_msg "Setting hostname to ${HOSTNAME}..."
      hostname ${HOSTNAME}
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   stop)
      log_info_msg "Bringing down the loopback interface..."
      ip link set lo down
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   restart)
      ${0} stop
      sleep 1
      ${0} start
      ;;

   status)
      echo "Hostname is: $(hostname)"
      ip link show lo
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End localnet
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="sysctlscript" name=
                    "sysctlscript"></a>D.15.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin sysctl
#
# Description : File uses /etc/sysctl.conf to set kernel runtime
#               parameters
#
# Authors     : Nathan Coulson (nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org)
#               Matthew Burgress (matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org)
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            sysctl
# Required-Start:      mountvirtfs
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Makes changes to the proc filesystem
# Description:         Makes changes to the proc filesystem as defined in
#                      /etc/sysctl.conf.  See 'man sysctl(8)'.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      if [ -f "/etc/sysctl.conf" ]; then
         log_info_msg "Setting kernel runtime parameters..."
         sysctl -q -p
         evaluate_retval
      fi
      ;;

   status)
      sysctl -a
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|status}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End sysctl
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="sysklogd" name=
                    "sysklogd"></a>D.16.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin sysklogd
#
# Description : Sysklogd loader
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            $syslog
# Required-Start:      localnet
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:       $local_fs sendsignals
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:        0 1 6
# Short-Description:   Starts kernel and system log daemons.
# Description:         Starts kernel and system log daemons.
#                      /etc/fstab.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Starting system log daemon..."
      parms=${SYSKLOGD_PARMS-'-m 0'}
      start_daemon /sbin/syslogd $parms
      evaluate_retval

      log_info_msg "Starting kernel log daemon..."
      start_daemon /sbin/klogd
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   stop)
      log_info_msg "Stopping kernel log daemon..."
      killproc /sbin/klogd
      evaluate_retval

      log_info_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
      killproc /sbin/syslogd
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   reload)
      log_info_msg "Reloading system log daemon config file..."
      pid=`pidofproc syslogd`
      kill -HUP "${pid}"
      evaluate_retval
      ;;

   restart)
      ${0} stop
      sleep 1
      ${0} start
      ;;

   status)
      statusproc /sbin/syslogd
      statusproc klogd
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|reload|restart|status}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End sysklogd
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="network" name=
                    "network"></a>D.17.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/network
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin network
#
# Description : Network Control Script
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            $network
# Required-Start:      $local_fs swap localnet
# Should-Start:        $syslog
# Required-Stop:       $local_fs swap localnet
# Should-Stop:         $syslog
# Default-Start:       3 4 5
# Default-Stop:        0 1 2 6
# Short-Description:   Starts and configures network interfaces.
# Description:         Starts and configures network interfaces.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

case "${1}" in
   start)
      # Start all network interfaces
      for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.*
      do
         interface=${file##*/ifconfig.}

         # Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found)
         if [ "${interface}" = "*" ]
         then
            continue
         fi

         /sbin/ifup ${interface}
      done
      ;;

   stop)
      # Reverse list
      net_files=""
      for file in  /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.*
      do
         net_files="${file} ${net_files}"
      done

      # Stop all network interfaces
      for file in ${net_files}
      do
         interface=${file##*/ifconfig.}

         # Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found)
         if [ "${interface}" = "*" ]
         then
            continue
         fi

         /sbin/ifdown ${interface}
      done
      ;;

   restart)
      ${0} stop
      sleep 1
      ${0} start
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End network
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="sendsignals" name=
                    "sendsignals"></a>D.18.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin sendsignals
#
# Description : Sendsignals Script
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            sendsignals
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:       $local_fs swap localnet
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:
# Default-Stop:        0 6
# Short-Description:   Attempts to kill remaining processes.
# Description:         Attempts to kill remaining processes.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   stop)
      log_info_msg "Sending all processes the TERM signal..."
      killall5 -15
      error_value=${?}

      sleep ${KILLDELAY}

      if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then
         log_success_msg
      else
         log_failure_msg
      fi

      log_info_msg "Sending all processes the KILL signal..."
      killall5 -9
      error_value=${?}

      sleep ${KILLDELAY}

      if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then
         log_success_msg
      else
         log_failure_msg
      fi
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}"
      exit 1
      ;;

esac

exit 0

# End sendsignals
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="rebootscript" name=
                    "rebootscript"></a>D.19.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin reboot
#
# Description : Reboot Scripts
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            reboot
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       6
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Reboots the system.
# Description:         Reboots the System.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   stop)
      log_info_msg "Restarting system..."
      reboot -d -f -i
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}"
      exit 1
      ;;

esac

# End reboot
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="haltscript" name=
                    "haltscript"></a>D.20.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin halt
#
# Description : Halt Script
#
# Authors     : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            halt
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:       0
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:   Halts the system.
# Description:         Halts the System.
# X-LFS-Provided-By:   LFS
### END INIT INFO

case "${1}" in
   stop)
      halt -d -f -i -p
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: {stop}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

# End halt
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="template" name=
                    "template"></a>D.21.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/template
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin scriptname
#
# Description :
#
# Authors     :
#
# Version     : LFS x.x
#
# Notes       :
#
########################################################################

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:            template
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:
# Description:
# X-LFS-Provided-By:
### END INIT INFO

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "${1}" in
   start)
      log_info_msg "Starting..."
      start_daemon fully_qualified_path
      ;;

   stop)
      log_info_msg "Stopping..."
      killproc fully_qualified_path
      ;;

   restart)
      ${0} stop
      sleep 1
      ${0} start
      ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}"
      exit 1
      ;;
esac

exit 0

# End scriptname
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="modulessys" name=
                    "modulessys"></a>D.22.&nbsp;/etc/sysconfig/modules
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
########################################################################
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/modules
#
# Description : Module auto-loading configuration
#
# Authors     :
#
# Version     : 00.00
#
# Notes       : The syntax of this file is as follows:
#          &lt;module&gt; [&lt;arg1&gt; &lt;arg2&gt; ...]
#
# Each module should be on it's own line, and any options that you want
# passed to the module should follow it.  The line deliminator is either
# a space or a tab.
########################################################################

# End /etc/sysconfig/modules
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="createfiles" name=
                    "createfiles"></a>D.23.&nbsp;/etc/sysconfig/createfiles
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
########################################################################
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
#
# Description : Createfiles script config file
#
# Authors     :
#
# Version     : 00.00
#
# Notes       : The syntax of this file is as follows:
#         if type is equal to "file" or "dir"
#          &lt;filename&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;permissions&gt; &lt;user&gt; &lt;group&gt;
#         if type is equal to "dev"
#          &lt;filename&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;permissions&gt; &lt;user&gt; &lt;group&gt; &lt;devtype&gt; 
#             &lt;major&gt; &lt;minor&gt;
#
#         &lt;filename&gt; is the name of the file which is to be created
#         &lt;type&gt; is either file, dir, or dev.
#               file creates a new file
#               dir creates a new directory
#               dev creates a new device
#         &lt;devtype&gt; is either block, char or pipe
#               block creates a block device
#               char creates a character deivce
#               pipe creates a pipe, this will ignore the &lt;major&gt; and 
#           &lt;minor&gt; fields
#         &lt;major&gt; and &lt;minor&gt; are the major and minor numbers used for 
#     the device.
########################################################################

# End /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="config-udev-retry" name=
                    "config-udev-retry"></a>D.24.&nbsp;/etc/sysconfig/udev-retry
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
########################################################################
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry
#
# Description : udev_retry script configuration
#
# Authors     :
#
# Version     : 00.00
#
# Notes       : Each subsystem that may need to be re-triggered after mountfs
#               runs should be listed in this file.  Probable subsystems to be
#               listed here are rtc (due to /var/lib/hwclock/adjtime) and sound
#               (due to both /var/lib/alsa/asound.state and /usr/sbin/alsactl).
#               Entries are whitespace-separated.
########################################################################

rtc

# End /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ifup" name="ifup"></a>D.25.&nbsp;/sbin/ifup
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin /sbin/ifup
#
# Description : Interface Up
#
# Authors     : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.2
#
# Notes       : The IFCONFIG variable is passed to the SERVICE script
#               in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the
#               service should source to get interface specifications.
#
########################################################################

up()
{
  if ip link show $1 &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then
     link_status=`ip link show $1`

     if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then
        if ! echo "${link_status}" | grep -q UP; then
           ip link set $1 up
        fi
     fi

  else
     log_failure_msg "\nInterface ${IFACE} doesn't exist."
     exit 1
  fi
}

RELEASE="7.2"

USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface"
VERSTR="LFS ifup, version ${RELEASE}"

while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
   case "$1" in
      --help | -h)     help="y"; break ;;

      --version | -V)  echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;;
   
      -*)              echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" &gt;&amp;2
                       echo "${USAGE}" &gt;&amp; 2
                       exit 2 ;;
                       
      *)               break ;;
   esac
done

if [ -n "$help" ]; then
   echo "${VERSTR}"
   echo "${USAGE}"
   echo
   cat &lt;&lt; HERE_EOF
ifup is used to bring up a network interface.  The interface
parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the
interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2.

HERE_EOF
   exit 0
fi

file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1}

# Skip backup files
[ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

log_info_msg "Bringing up the ${1} interface... "

if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then
   log_failure_msg2 "${file} is missing or cannot be accessed." 
   exit 1
fi

. $file

if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then
   log_failure_msg2 "${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]."
   exit 1
fi

# Do not process this service if started by boot, and ONBOOT
# is not set to yes
if [ "${IN_BOOT}" = "1" -a "${ONBOOT}" != "yes" ]; then
   log_info_msg2 "skipped"
   exit 0
fi

for S in ${SERVICE}; do
  if [ ! -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then
    MSG="\nUnable to process ${file}.  Either " 
    MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE '${S} was not present "
    MSG="${MSG}or cannot be executed."
    log_failure_msg "$MSG"
    exit 1
  fi
done

# Create/configure the interface
for S in ${SERVICE}; do 
  IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} up
done

# Bring up the interface and any components
for I in $IFACE $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do up $I; done

# Set MTU if requested. Check if MTU has a "good" value.
if test -n "${MTU}"; then
   if [[ ${MTU} =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] &amp;&amp; [[ $MTU -ge 68 ]] ; then
      for I in $IFACE $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do 
         ip link set dev $I mtu $MTU; 
      done
   else
      log_info_msg2 "Invalid MTU $MTU"
   fi
fi 

# Set the route default gateway if requested
if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then
   if ip route | grep -q default; then
      log_warning_msg "\nGateway already setup; skipping."
   else
      log_info_msg "Setting up default gateway..."
      ip route add default via ${GATEWAY} dev ${IFACE}
      evaluate_retval
   fi
fi

# End /sbin/ifup
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ifdown" name="ifdown"></a>D.26.&nbsp;/sbin/ifdown
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/bash 
########################################################################
# Begin /sbin/ifdown
#
# Description : Interface Down
#
# Authors     : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
# Notes       : the IFCONFIG variable is passed to the scripts found
#               in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the
#               service should source to get interface specifications.
#
########################################################################

RELEASE="7.0"

USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface"
VERSTR="LFS ifdown, version ${RELEASE}"

while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
   case "$1" in
      --help | -h)     help="y"; break ;;

      --version | -V)  echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;;

      -*)              echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" &gt;&amp;2
                       echo "${USAGE}" &gt;&amp; 2
                       exit 2 ;;
                    
      *)               break ;;
   esac
done

if [ -n "$help" ]; then
   echo "${VERSTR}"
   echo "${USAGE}"
   echo
   cat &lt;&lt; HERE_EOF
ifdown is used to bring down a network interface.  The interface
parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the
interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2.

HERE_EOF
   exit 0
fi

file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1}

# Skip backup files
[ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0

. /lib/lsb/init-functions 

if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then
   log_warning_msg "${file} is missing or cannot be accessed."
   exit 1
fi

. ${file}

if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then
   log_failure_msg "${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]."
   exit 1
fi

# We only need to first service to bring down the interface
S=`echo ${SERVICE} | cut -f1 -d" "`

if ip link show ${IFACE} &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then
   if [ -n "${S}" -a -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then
     IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} down
   else
     MSG="Unable to process ${file}.  Either "
     MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE variable was not set "
     MSG="${MSG}or the specified service cannot be executed."
     log_failure_msg "$MSG"
     exit 1
  fi
else
   log_warning_msg "Interface ${1} doesn't exist."
fi

# Leave the interface up if there are additional interfaces in the device
link_status=`ip link show ${IFACE} 2&gt;/dev/null`

if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then
   if [ "$(echo "${link_status}" | grep UP)" != "" ]; then
      if [ "$(ip addr show ${IFACE} | grep 'inet ')" == ""  ]; then
         log_info_msg "Bringing down the ${IFACE} interface..."
         ip link set ${IFACE} down
         evaluate_retval
      fi
   fi
fi

# End /sbin/ifdown
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ipv4static" name=
                    "ipv4static"></a>D.27.&nbsp;/lib/services/ipv4-static
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static
#
# Description : IPV4 Static Boot Script
#
# Authors     : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#               Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

. /lib/lsb/init-functions
. ${IFCONFIG}

if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then
   log_failure_msg "\nIP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
   exit 1
fi

if [ -z "${PREFIX}" -a -z "${PEER}" ]; then
   log_warning_msg "\nPREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, assuming 24."
   PREFIX=24
   args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}"

elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" -a -n "${PEER}" ]; then
   log_failure_msg "\nPREFIX and PEER both specified in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
   exit 1

elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" ]; then
   args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}"

elif [ -n "${PEER}" ]; then
   args="${args} ${IP} peer ${PEER}"
fi

if [ -n "${BROADCAST}" ]; then
   args="${args} broadcast ${BROADCAST}"
fi

case "${2}" in
   up)
      if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2&gt;/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" = "" ]; then
         
         # Cosmetic output not needed for multiple services
         if ! $(echo ${SERVICE} | grep -q " "); then 
           log_info_msg2 "\n" # Terminate the previous message
         fi
         
         log_info_msg "Adding IPv4 address ${IP} to the ${1} interface..."
         ip addr add ${args} dev ${1}
         evaluate_retval
      else
         log_warning_msg "Cannot add IPv4 address ${IP} to ${1}.  Already present."
      fi
   ;;

   down)
      if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2&gt;/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" != "" ]; then
         log_info_msg "Removing IPv4 address ${IP} from the ${1} interface..."
         ip addr del ${args} dev ${1}
         evaluate_retval
      fi

      if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then
         # Only remove the gateway if there are no remaining ipv4 addresses
         if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2&gt;/dev/null | grep 'inet ')" != "" ]; then
            log_info_msg "Removing default gateway..."
            ip route del default
            evaluate_retval
         fi
      fi
   ;;

   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}"
      exit 1
   ;;
esac

# End /lib/services/ipv4-static
</pre>
          </div>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="ipv4route" name=
                    "ipv4route"></a>D.28.&nbsp;/lib/services/ipv4-static-route
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static-route
#
# Description : IPV4 Static Route Script
#
# Authors     : Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
#               DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update      : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version     : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################

. /lib/lsb/init-functions
. ${IFCONFIG}

case "${TYPE}" in
   ("" | "network")
      need_ip=1
      need_gateway=1
   ;;

   ("default")
      need_gateway=1
      args="${args} default"
      desc="default"
   ;;

   ("host")
      need_ip=1
   ;;

   ("unreachable")
      need_ip=1
      args="${args} unreachable"
      desc="unreachable "
   ;;

   (*)
      log_failure_msg "Unknown route type (${TYPE}) in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
      exit 1
   ;;
esac

if [ -n "${need_ip}" ]; then
   if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then
      log_failure_msg "IP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
      exit 1
   fi

   if [ -z "${PREFIX}" ]; then
      log_failure_msg "PREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." 
      exit 1
   fi
   
   args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}"
   desc="${desc}${IP}/${PREFIX}"
fi

if [ -n "${need_gateway}" ]; then
   if [ -z "${GATEWAY}" ]; then
      log_failure_msg "GATEWAY variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
      exit 1
   fi
   args="${args} via ${GATEWAY}"
fi

if [ -n "${SOURCE}" ]; then
        args="${args} src ${SOURCE}"
fi

case "${2}" in
   up)
      log_info_msg "Adding '${desc}' route to the ${1} interface..."
      ip route add ${args} dev ${1}
      evaluate_retval
   ;;
   
   down)
      log_info_msg "Removing '${desc}' route from the ${1} interface..."
      ip route del ${args} dev ${1}
      evaluate_retval
   ;;
   
   *)
      echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}"
      exit 1
   ;;
esac

# End /lib/services/ipv4-static-route
</pre>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="rules" name="rules"></a>Appendix&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Udev
                  configuration rules
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            The rules from udev-lfs-197-2.tar.bz2 in this appendix are listed
            for convenience. Installation is normally done via instructions
            in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-udev" title=
            "6.61.&nbsp;Udev-197 (Extracted from systemd-197)">Section&nbsp;6.61,
            &ldquo;Udev-197 (Extracted from systemd-197)&rdquo;</a>.
          </p>
          <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="lfsrules" name=
                    "lfsrules"></a>E.1.&nbsp;55-lfs.rules
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <pre class="screen">
# /etc/udev/rules.d/55-lfs.rules: Rule definitions for LFS.

# Core kernel devices

# This causes the system clock to be set as soon as /dev/rtc becomes available.
SUBSYSTEM=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start"
KERNEL=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start"

# Comms devices

KERNEL=="ippp[0-9]*",       GROUP="dialout"
KERNEL=="isdn[0-9]*",       GROUP="dialout"
KERNEL=="isdnctrl[0-9]*",   GROUP="dialout"
KERNEL=="dcbri[0-9]*",      GROUP="dialout"
</pre>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
          <div class="titlepage">
            <div>
              <div>
                <h2 class="title">
                  <a id="Licenses" name=
                  "Licenses"></a>Appendix&nbsp;F.&nbsp;LFS Licenses
                </h2>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>
            This book is licensed under the Creative Commons
            Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 License.
          </p>
          <p>
            Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the
            MIT License.
          </p>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="CC" name="CC"></a>F.1.&nbsp;Creative Commons
                    License
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p class="title">
              Creative Commons Legal Code
            </p>
            <p class="title">
              Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0
            </p>
            <div class="admon important">
              <h3>
                Important
              </h3>
              <p>
                CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT
                PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT
                CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS
                PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE
                COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION
                PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM
                ITS USE.
              </p>
            </div>
            <p class="title">
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            </p>
            <p>
              THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS
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            </p>
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                    EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Limitation on Liability. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY
                    APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO
                    YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
                    CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT
                    OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR
                    HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
                  </p>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Termination
                  </p>
                  <div class="orderedlist">
                    <ol>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          This License and the rights granted hereunder will
                          terminate automatically upon any breach by You of
                          the terms of this License. Individuals or entities
                          who have received Derivative Works or Collective
                          Works from You under this License, however, will
                          not have their licenses terminated provided such
                          individuals or entities remain in full compliance
                          with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8
                          will survive any termination of this License.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          Subject to the above terms and conditions, the
                          license granted here is perpetual (for the duration
                          of the applicable copyright in the Work).
                          Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the
                          right to release the Work under different license
                          terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time;
                          provided, however that any such election will not
                          serve to withdraw this License (or any other
                          license that has been, or is required to be,
                          granted under the terms of this License), and this
                          License will continue in full force and effect
                          unless terminated as stated above.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                    </ol>
                  </div>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <p>
                    Miscellaneous
                  </p>
                  <div class="orderedlist">
                    <ol>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          Each time You distribute or publicly digitally
                          perform the Work or a Collective Work, the Licensor
                          offers to the recipient a license to the Work on
                          the same terms and conditions as the license
                          granted to You under this License.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          Each time You distribute or publicly digitally
                          perform a Derivative Work, Licensor offers to the
                          recipient a license to the original Work on the
                          same terms and conditions as the license granted to
                          You under this License.
                        </p>
                      </li>
                      <li>
                        <p>
                          If any provision of this License is invalid or
                          unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not
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                          remainder of the terms of this License, and without
                          further action by the parties to this agreement,
                          such provision shall be reformed to the minimum
                          extent necessary to make such provision valid and
                          enforceable.
                        </p>
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                      <li>
                        <p>
                          No term or provision of this License shall be
                          deemed waived and no breach consented to unless
                          such waiver or consent shall be in writing and
                          signed by the party to be charged with such waiver
                          or consent.
                        </p>
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                      <li>
                        <p>
                          This License constitutes the entire agreement
                          between the parties with respect to the Work
                          licensed here. There are no understandings,
                          agreements or representations with respect to the
                          Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be
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                          the Licensor and You.
                        </p>
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                    </ol>
                  </div>
                </li>
              </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="admon important">
              <h3>
                Important
              </h3>
              <p>
                Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no
                warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative
                Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal
                theory for any damages whatsoever, including without
                limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential
                damages arising in connection to this license.
                Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative
                Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor
                hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of
                Licensor.
              </p>
              <p>
                Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public
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                use the trademark "Creative Commons" or any related trademark
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                with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage
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              </p>
              <p>
                Creative Commons may be contacted at <a class="ulink" href=
                "http://creativecommons.org/">http://creativecommons.org/</a>.
              </p>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
            <div class="titlepage">
              <div>
                <div>
                  <h2 class="title">
                    <a id="MIT" name="MIT"></a>F.2.&nbsp;The MIT License
                  </h2>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <p>
              Copyright © 1999-2013 Gerard Beekmans
            </p>
            <p>
              Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
              obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
              files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
              restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
              copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
              sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
              Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
              conditions:
            </p>
            <p>
              The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
              included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
            </p>
            <p>
              THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
              EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
              OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
              NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
              HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
              WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
              FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
              OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="index">
        <h1 class="index">
          Index
        </h1>
        <div class="index">
          <h2>
            <a id="package-index" name="package-index"></a>Packages
          </h2>
          <ul>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Autoconf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Automake:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Bash:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-4.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bash">Bash-4.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Binutils:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 1:</strong>
                  <span class="indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-binutils-pass1">Binutils-2.23.1 - Pass
                  1</a></span>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 2:</strong>
                  <span class="indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-binutils-pass2">Binutils-2.23.1 - Pass
                  2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Bison:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-2.7</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Bootscripts:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">usage:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-usage">How Do These
                  Bootscripts Work?</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Bzip2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Check:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-check">Check-0.9.9</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Coreutils:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">DejaGNU:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.5</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Diffutils:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">E2fsprogs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Expect:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">File:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.13</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-file">File-5.13</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Findutils:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Flex:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.5.37</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Gawk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">GCC:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 1:</strong>
                  <span class="indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-gcc-pass1">GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 1</a></span>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 2:</strong>
                  <span class="indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-gcc-pass2">GCC-4.7.2 - Pass 2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">GDBM:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.10</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Gettext:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Glibc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">GMP:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-5.1.1</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Grep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-2.14</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-grep">Grep-2.14</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Groff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">GRUB:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Gzip:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Iana-Etc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Inetutils:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">IPRoute2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Kbd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Kmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Less:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-451</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Libpipeline:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.2.2</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Libtool:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.2</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Linux:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-3.8.1</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">API headers:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1
                  API Headers</a></span>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools, API headers:</strong>
                  <span class="indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API
                  Headers</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">M4:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.16</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-m4">M4-1.4.16</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Make:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-make">Make-3.82</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-make">Make-3.82</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Man-DB:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Man-pages:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-3.47</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">MPC:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.0.1</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">MPFR:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-3.1.1</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Ncurses:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Patch:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.1</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-patch">Patch-2.7.1</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Perl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pkgconfig:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.28</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Procps-ng:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Psmisc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rc.site:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-site">The rc.site
              File</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Readline:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-readline">Readline-6.2</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Sed:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.2.2</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-sed">Sed-4.2.2</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Shadow:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#conf-shadow">Configuring
                  Shadow</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Sysklogd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysklogd">Configuring
                  Sysklogd</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Sysvinit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysvinit">Configuring
                  Sysvinit</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Tar:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.26</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tar">Tar-1.26</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Tcl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.0</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Texinfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href=
                  "#ch-tools-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Udev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">usage:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-udev">Device and Module
                  Handling on an LFS System</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Util-linux:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Vim:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xz:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">Zlib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.7</a></span>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <h2>
            <a id="program-index" name="program-index"></a>Programs
          </h2>
          <ul>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">a2p:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#a2p">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">accessdb:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#accessdb">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">acinstall:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#acinstall">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">aclocal:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#aclocal">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">aclocal-1.13:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#aclocalversion">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">addftinfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#addftinfo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">addpart:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#addpart">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">addr2line:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#addr2line">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">afmtodit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#afmtodit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">agetty:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#agetty">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">apropos:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#apropos">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ar:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#ar">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">as:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#as">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ata_id:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#ata_id">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autoconf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#autoconf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autoheader:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#autoheader">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autom4te:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#autom4te">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">automake:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#automake">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">automake-1.13:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#automake-version">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autopoint:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#autopoint">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autoreconf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#autoreconf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autoscan:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#autoscan">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">autoupdate:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#autoupdate">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">awk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#awk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">badblocks:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#badblocks">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">base64:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#base64">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">basename:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#basename">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bash:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-4.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#bash">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bashbug:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-4.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#bashbug">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bigram:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#bigram">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bison:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-2.7</a> -- <a href=
              "#bison">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">blkid:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#blkid">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">blockdev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#blockdev">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bootlogd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#bootlogd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bridge:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#bridge">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bunzip2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bunzip2">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzcmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzcmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzdiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzdiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzegrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzegrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzfgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzip2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzip2">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzip2recover:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzip2recover">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzless:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzless">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">bzmore:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#bzmore">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">c++:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#c">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">c++filt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#c-filt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">c2ph:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#c2ph">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cal:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#cal">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">captoinfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#captoinfo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#cat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">catchsegv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#catchsegv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">catman:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#catman">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#cc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cdrom_id:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#cdrom_id">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cfdisk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#cfdisk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chage:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#chage">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chattr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#chattr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chcon:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#chcon">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chcpu:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#chcpu">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">checkmk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-check">Check-0.9.9</a> --
              <a href="#checkmk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chem:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#chem">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chfn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#chfn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chgpasswd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#chgpasswd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chgrp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#chgrp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#chmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chown:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#chown">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chpasswd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#chpasswd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chroot:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#chroot">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chrt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#chrt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chsh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#chsh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">chvt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#chvt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cksum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#cksum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">clear:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#clear">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a> --
              <a href="#cmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">code:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#code">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">col:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#col">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">colcrt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#colcrt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">collect:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#collect">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">colrm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#colrm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">column:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#column">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">comm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#comm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">compile:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#compile">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">compile_et:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#compile_et">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">config.charset:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#config.charset">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">config.guess:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#config.guess">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">config.rpath:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#config.rpath">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">config.sub:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#config.sub">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">config_data:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#config_data">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">corelist:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#corelist">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#cp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cpan:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#cpan">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cpan2dist:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#cpan2dist">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cpanp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#cpanp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cpanp-run-perl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#cpanp-run-perl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cpp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#cpp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">csplit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#csplit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ctrlaltdel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ctrlaltdel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ctstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#ctstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cut:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#cut">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cytune:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#cytune">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">date:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#date">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#dd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">deallocvt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#deallocvt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">debugfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#debugfs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">delpart:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#delpart">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">depcomp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#depcomp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">depmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#depmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">df:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#df">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dgawk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#dgawk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">diff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a> --
              <a href="#diff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">diff3:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a> --
              <a href="#diff3">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dir:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#dir">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dircolors:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#dircolors">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dirname:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#dirname">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dmesg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#dmesg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">du:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#du">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dumpe2fs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#dumpe2fs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">dumpkeys:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#dumpkeys">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e2freefrag:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e2freefrag">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e2fsck:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e2fsck">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e2image:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e2image">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e2initrd_helper:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e2initrd_helper">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e2label:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e2label">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e2undo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e2undo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">e4defrag:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#e4defrag">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">echo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#echo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">egrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-2.14</a> -- <a href=
              "#egrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">eject:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#eject">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">elfedit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#elfedit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">elisp-comp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#elisp-comp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">enc2xs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#enc2xs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">env:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#env">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">envsubst:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#envsubst">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">eqn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#eqn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">eqn2graph:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#eqn2graph">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ex:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#ex">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">expand:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#expand">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">expect:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45</a> --
              <a href="#expect">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">expiry:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#expiry">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">expr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#expr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">factor:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#factor">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">faillog:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#faillog">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fallocate:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fallocate">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">false:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#false">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fdformat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fdformat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fdisk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fdisk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fgconsole:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#fgconsole">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-2.14</a> -- <a href=
              "#fgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">file:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.13</a> -- <a href=
              "#file">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">filefrag:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#filefrag">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">find:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#find">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">find2perl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#find2perl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">findfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#findfs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">findmnt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#findmnt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">flex:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.5.37</a> --
              <a href="#flex">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">flex++:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.5.37</a> --
              <a href="#flexpp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">flock:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#flock">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fmt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#fmt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fold:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#fold">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">frcode:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#frcode">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">free:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#free">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fsck">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck.cramfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fsck.cramfs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck.ext2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#fsck.ext2">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck.ext3:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#fsck.ext3">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck.ext4:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#fsck.ext4">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck.ext4dev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#fsck.ext4dev">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsck.minix:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fsck.minix">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fsfreeze:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fsfreeze">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fstab-decode:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#fstab-decode">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fstrim:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#fstrim">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ftp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#ftp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">fuser:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a> --
              <a href="#fuser">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">g++:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#g">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gawk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gawk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gawk-4.0.2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gawk-version">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gcc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gcc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gc-ar:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gcc-ar">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gc-nm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gcc-nm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gc-ranlib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gcc-ranlib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gccbug:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gccbug">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gcov:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#gcov">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gdiffmk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#gdiffmk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gencat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#gencat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">genl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#genl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">geqn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#geqn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">getconf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#getconf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">getent:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#getent">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">getkeycodes:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#getkeycodes">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">getopt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#getopt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gettext:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#gettext">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gettext.sh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#gettext.sh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gettextize:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#gettextize">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gpasswd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#gpasswd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gprof:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#gprof">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grap2graph:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grap2graph">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#grcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-2.14</a> -- <a href=
              "#grep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grodvi:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grodvi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#groff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groffer:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#groffer">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grog:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grog">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grolbp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grolbp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grolj4:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grolj4">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grops:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grops">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grotty:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#grotty">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groupadd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#groupadd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groupdel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#groupdel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groupmems:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#groupmems">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groupmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#groupmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">groups:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#groups">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grpck:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#grpck">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grpconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#grpconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grpunconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#grpunconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-bios-setup:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-bios-setup">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-editenv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-editenv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-fstest:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-fstest">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-install:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-install">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-kbdcomp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-kbdcomp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-menulst2cfg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-menulst2cfg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mkconfig:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mkconfig">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mkimage:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mkimage">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mklayout:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mklayout">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mknetdir:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mknetdir">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a>
              -- <a href="#grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mkrelpath:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mkrelpath">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mkrescue:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mkrescue">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-mkstandalone:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-mkstandalone">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-ofpathname:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-ofpathname">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-probe:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-probe">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-reboot:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-reboot">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-script-check:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-script-check">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-set-default:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-set-default">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">grub-setup:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.00</a> -- <a href=
              "#grub-sparc64-setup">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gtbl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#gtbl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gunzip:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#gunzip">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gzexe:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#gzexe">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">gzip:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#gzip">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">h2ph:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#h2ph">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">h2xs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#h2xs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">halt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#halt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">head:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#head">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hexdump:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#hexdump">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hostid:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#hostid">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hostname:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#hostname">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hostname:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#hostname-gettext">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hpftodit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#hpftodit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hwclock:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#hwclock">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">i386:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#i386">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">iconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#iconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">iconvconfig:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#iconvconfig">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">id:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#id">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ifcfg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#ifcfg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ifnames:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
              <a href="#ifnames">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ifstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#ifstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">igawk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#igawk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">indxbib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#indxbib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">info:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#info">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">infocmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#infocmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">infokey:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#infokey">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">infotocap:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#infotocap">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">init:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#init">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">insmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#insmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">install:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#install">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">install-info:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#install-info">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">install-sh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#install-sh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">instmodsh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#instmodsh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ionice:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ionice">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ip:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#ip">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ipcmk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ipcmk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ipcrm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ipcrm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ipcs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ipcs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">isosize:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#isosize">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">join:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#join">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">json_pp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#json_pp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">kbdinfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#kbdinfo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">kbdrate:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#kbdrate">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">kbd_mode:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#kbd_mode">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">kill:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#kill">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">killall:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a> --
              <a href="#killall">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">killall5:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#killall5">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">klogd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5</a> --
              <a href="#klogd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">kmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#kmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">last:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#last">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lastb:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#lastb">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lastlog:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#lastlog">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ld:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#ld">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ld.bfd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#ld.bfd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ldattach:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ldattach">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ldconfig:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#ldconfig">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ldd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#ldd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lddlibc4:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#lddlibc4">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">less:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-451</a> -- <a href=
              "#less">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lessecho:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-451</a> -- <a href=
              "#lessecho">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lesskey:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-451</a> -- <a href=
              "#lesskey">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lex:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.5.37</a> --
              <a href="#lex">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lexgrog:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#lexgrog">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lfskernel-3.8.1:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-3.8.1</a> --
              <a href="#lfskernel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libnetcfg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#libnetcfg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libtool:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.2</a> --
              <a href="#libtool">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libtoolize:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.2</a> --
              <a href="#libtoolize">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">link:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#link">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">linux32:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#linux32">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">linux64:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#linux64">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lkbib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#lkbib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ln:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#ln">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lnstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#lnstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">loadkeys:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#loadkeys">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">loadunimap:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#loadunimap">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">locale:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#locale">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">localedef:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#localedef">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">locate:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#locate">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">logger:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#logger">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">login:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#login">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">logname:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#logname">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">logoutd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#logoutd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">logsave:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#logsave">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">look:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#look">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lookbib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#lookbib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">losetup:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#losetup">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ls:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#ls">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lsattr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#lsattr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lsblk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#lsblk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lscpu:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#lscpu">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lslocks:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#lslocks">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lsmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#lsmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzcmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzcmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzdiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzdiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzegrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzegrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzfgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzless:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzless">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzma:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzma">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzmadec:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzmadec">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzmainfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzmainfo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">lzmore:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#lzmore">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">m4:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.16</a> -- <a href=
              "#m4">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">make:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-make">Make-3.82</a> -- <a href=
              "#make">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">makedb:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#makedb">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">makeinfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#makeinfo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">man:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#man">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mandb:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#mandb">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">manpath:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#manpath">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mapscrn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#mapscrn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mcookie:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mcookie">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">md5sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#md5sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mdate-sh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#mdate-sh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mesg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#mesg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">missing:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#missing">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkdir:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#mkdir">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mke2fs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mke2fs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfifo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#mkfifo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mkfs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.bfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mkfs.bfs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.cramfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mkfs.cramfs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.ext2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mkfs.ext2">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.ext3:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mkfs.ext3">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.ext4:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mkfs.ext4">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.ext4dev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mkfs.ext4dev">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkfs.minix:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mkfs.minix">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkinstalldirs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#mkinstalldirs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mklost+found:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mklost-found">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mknod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#mknod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mkswap:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mkswap">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mktemp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#mktemp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mk_cmds:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#mk_cmds">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mmroff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#mmroff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">modinfo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#modinfo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">modprobe:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#modprobe">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">more:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#more">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mount:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mount">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mountpoint:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#mountpoint">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgattrib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgattrib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgcmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgcmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgcomm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgcomm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgen:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgen">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgexec:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgexec">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgfilter:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgfilter">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgfmt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgfmt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msggrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msggrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msginit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msginit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgmerge:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgmerge">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msgunfmt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msgunfmt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">msguniq:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#msguniq">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mtrace:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#mtrace">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#mv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">namei:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#namei">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ncursesw5-config:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#ncursesw5-config">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">neqn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#neqn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">newgrp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#newgrp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">newusers:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#newusers">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ngettext:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#ngettext">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nice:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#nice">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#nl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#nm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nohup:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#nohup">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nologin:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#nologin">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nproc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#nproc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nroff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#nroff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nscd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#nscd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">nstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#nstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">objcopy:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#objcopy">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">objdump:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#objdump">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">od:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#od">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">oldfind:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#oldfind">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">openvt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#openvt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">partx:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#partx">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">passwd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#passwd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">paste:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#paste">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">patch:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.1</a> --
              <a href="#patch">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pathchk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#pathchk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pcprofiledump:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#pcprofiledump">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pdfroff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#pdfroff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pdftexi2dvi:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#pdftexi2dvi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">peekfd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a> --
              <a href="#peekfd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">perl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#perl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">perl5.16.2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#perl-version">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">perlbug:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#perlbug">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">perldoc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#perldoc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">perlivp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#perlivp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">perlthanks:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#perlthanks">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pfbtops:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#pfbtops">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#pg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pgawk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#pgawk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pgawk-4.0.2:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#pgawk-version">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#pgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pic:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#pic">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pic2graph:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#pic2graph">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">piconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#piconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pidof:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#pidof">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ping:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#ping">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ping6:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#ping6">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pinky:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#pinky">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pivot_root:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#pivot_root">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pkg-config:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.28</a>
              -- <a href="#pkgconfig">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pkill:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#pkill">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pl2pm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pl2pm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pldd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#pldd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pmap:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#pmap">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pod2html:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pod2html">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pod2latex:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pod2latex">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pod2man:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pod2man">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pod2texi:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#pod2texi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pod2text:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pod2text">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pod2usage:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pod2usage">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">podchecker:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#podchecker">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">podselect:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#podselect">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">post-grohtml:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#post-grohtml">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">poweroff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#poweroff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#pr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pre-grohtml:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#pre-grohtml">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">preconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#preconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">printenv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#printenv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">printf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#printf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">prlimit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#prlimit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">prove:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#prove">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">prtstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a> --
              <a href="#prtstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ps:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#ps">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">psed:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#psed">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">psfaddtable:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#psfaddtable">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">psfgettable:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#psfgettable">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">psfstriptable:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#psfstriptable">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">psfxtable:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#psfxtable">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pstree:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a> --
              <a href="#pstree">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pstree.x11:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-22.20</a> --
              <a href="#pstree.x11">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pstruct:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#pstruct">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ptar:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#ptar">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ptardiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#ptardiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ptargrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#ptargrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ptx:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#ptx">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pt_chown:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#pt_chown">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pwcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#pwcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pwck:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#pwck">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pwconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#pwconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pwd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#pwd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pwdx:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#pwdx">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">pwunconv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#pwunconv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">py-compile:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#py-compile">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ranlib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#ranlib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">raw:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#raw">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rcp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#rcp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">readelf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#readelf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">readlink:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#readlink">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">readprofile:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#readprofile">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">realpath:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#realpath">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">reboot:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#reboot">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">recode-sr-latin:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#recode-sr-latin">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">refer:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#refer">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rename:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#rename">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">renice:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#renice">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">reset:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#reset">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">resize2fs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#resize2fs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">resizepart:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#resizepart">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#rev">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rexec:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#rexec">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rlogin:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#rlogin">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#rm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rmdir:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#rmdir">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rmmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a> -- <a href=
              "#rmmod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rmt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.26</a> -- <a href=
              "#rmt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">roff2dvi:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#roff2dvi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">roff2html:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#roff2html">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">roff2pdf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#roff2pdf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">roff2ps:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#roff2ps">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">roff2text:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#roff2text">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">roff2x:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#roff2x">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">routef:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#routef">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">routel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#routel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rpcgen:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#rpcgen">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rsh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#rsh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rtacct:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#rtacct">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rtcwake:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#rtcwake">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rtmon:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#rtmon">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rtpr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#rtpr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rtstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#rtstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">runcon:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#runcon">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">runlevel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#runlevel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">runtest:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.5</a> --
              <a href="#runtest">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rview:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#rview">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rvim:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#rvim">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">s2p:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#s2p">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">script:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#script">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">scriptreplay:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#scriptreplay">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">scsi_id:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#scsi_id">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sdiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.2</a> --
              <a href="#sdiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sed:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.2.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#sed">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">seq:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#seq">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setarch:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#setarch">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setfont:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#setfont">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setkeycodes:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#setkeycodes">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setleds:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#setleds">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setmetamode:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#setmetamode">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setsid:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#setsid">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setterm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#setterm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sfdisk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#sfdisk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#sg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-4.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#sh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sha1sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sha1sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sha224sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sha224sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sha256sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sha256sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sha384sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sha384sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sha512sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sha512sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">shasum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#shasum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">showconsolefont:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#showconsolefont">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">showkey:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#showkey">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">shred:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#shred">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">shuf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#shuf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">shutdown:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#shutdown">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">size:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#size">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">slabtop:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#slabtop">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sleep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sleep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sln:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#sln">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">soelim:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#soelim">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sort:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sort">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sotruss:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#sotruss">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">splain:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#splain">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">split:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#split">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sprof:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#sprof">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ss:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#ss">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">stat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#stat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">stdbuf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#stdbuf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">strings:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#strings">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">strip:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#strip">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">stty:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#stty">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">su:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#su">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sulogin:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#sulogin">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sum:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sum">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">swaplabel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#swaplabel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">swapoff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#swapoff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">swapon:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#swapon">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">switch_root:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#switch_root">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">symlink-tree:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#symlink-tree">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sync:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#sync">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sysctl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#sysctl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">syslogd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5</a> --
              <a href="#syslogd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tabs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#tabs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tac:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#tac">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tail:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#tail">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tailf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#tailf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">talk:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#talk">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tar:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.26</a> -- <a href=
              "#tar">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">taskset:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#taskset">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tbl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#tbl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-3.8.0</a> --
              <a href="#ss">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tclsh:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.0</a> -- <a href=
              "#tclsh">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tclsh8.6:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.0</a> -- <a href=
              "#tclsh8.6">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tee:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#tee">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">telinit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.88dsf</a>
              -- <a href="#telinit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">telnet:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#telnet">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">test:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#test">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">testgdbm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.10</a> -- <a href=
              "#testgdbm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">texi2dvi:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#texi2dvi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">texi2pdf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#texi2pdf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">texi2any:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#texi2any">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">texindex:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-5.0</a> --
              <a href="#texindex">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tfmtodit:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#tfmtodit">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tftp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#tftp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tic:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#tic">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">timeout:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#timeout">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tload:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#tload">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">toe:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#toe">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">top:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#top">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">touch:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#touch">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tput:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#tput">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#tr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">traceroute:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.1</a>
              -- <a href="#traceroute">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">troff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.2</a> --
              <a href="#troff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">true:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#true">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">truncate:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#truncate">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tset:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#tset">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tsort:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#tsort">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tty:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#tty">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tune2fs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#tune2fs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tunelp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#tunelp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">tzselect:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#tzselect">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">udevadm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#udevadm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">udevd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#udevd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ul:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#ul">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">umount:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#umount">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">uname:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#uname">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">uncompress:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#uncompress">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unexpand:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#unexpand">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unicode_start:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#unicode_start">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unicode_stop:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-1.15.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#unicode_stop">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">uniq:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#uniq">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unlink:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#unlink">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unlzma:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#unlzma">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unshare:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#unshare">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">unxz:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#unxz">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">updatedb:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#updatedb">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">uptime:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#uptime">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">useradd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#useradd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">userdel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#userdel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">usermod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#usermod">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">users:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#users">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">utmpdump:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#utmpdump">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">uuidd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#uuidd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">uuidgen:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#uuidgen">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vdir:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#vdir">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vi:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#vi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">view:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#view">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vigr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#vigr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vim:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#vim">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vimdiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#vimdiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vimtutor:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#vimtutor">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vipw:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.1.5.1</a> --
              <a href="#vipw">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">vmstat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#vmstat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">w:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#w">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">wall:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#wall">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">watch:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#watch">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">wc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#wc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">wdctl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#wdctl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">whatis:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#whatis">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">whereis:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#whereis">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">who:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#who">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">whoami:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#whoami">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">wipefs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#wipefs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">x86_64:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#x86_64">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xargs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.4.2</a>
              -- <a href="#xargs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xgettext:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#xgettext">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xsubpp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#xsubpp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xtrace:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#xtrace">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xxd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-7.3</a> -- <a href=
              "#xxd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xz:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xz">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzcmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzcmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzdec:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzdec">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzdiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzdiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzegrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzegrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzfgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzless:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzless">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">xzmore:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#xzmore">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">yacc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-2.7</a> -- <a href=
              "#yacc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">yes:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#yes">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ylwrap:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.13.1</a> --
              <a href="#ylwrap">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zcat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zcat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zcmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zcmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zdiff:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zdiff">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zdump:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#zdump">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zegrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zegrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zfgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zforce:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zforce">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zgrep:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zgrep">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zic:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#zic">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zipdetails:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.16.2</a> --
              <a href="#zipdetails">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zless:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zless">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zmore:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#zmore">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">znew:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.5</a> -- <a href=
              "#znew">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">zsoelim:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#zsoelim">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <h2>
            <a id="library-index" name="library-index"></a>Libraries
          </h2>
          <ul>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ld.so:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#ld.so">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libanl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libanl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libasprintf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#libasprintf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libbfd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#libbfd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libblkid:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libblkid">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libBrokenLocale:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libBrokenLocale">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libbsd-compat:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libbsd-compat">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libbz2*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.6</a> --
              <a href="#libbz2">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libcheck:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-check">Check-0.9.9</a> --
              <a href="#libcheck">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libcidn:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libcidn">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libcom_err:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#libcom_err">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libcrypt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libcrypt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libcurses:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#libcurses">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libdl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libdl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libe2p:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#libe2p">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libexpect-5.45:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45</a> --
              <a href="#libexpect">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libext2fs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#libext2fs">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libfl.a:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.5.37</a> --
              <a href="#libfl.a">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libform:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#libform">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libg:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libg">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgcc*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libgcc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgcov:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libgcov">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgdbm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.10</a> -- <a href=
              "#libgdbm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgettextlib:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#libgettextlib">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgettextpo:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#libgettextpo">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgettextsrc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#libgettextsrc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-5.1.1</a> -- <a href=
              "#libgmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgmpxx:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-5.1.1</a> -- <a href=
              "#libgmpxx">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libgomp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libgomp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libhistory:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-6.2</a> --
              <a href="#libhistory">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libiberty:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#libiberty">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libieee:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libieee">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libkmod:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-12</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libltdl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.2</a> --
              <a href="#libltdl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">liblto_plugin*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#liblto_plugin">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">liblzma*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.0.4</a> -- <a href=
              "#liblzma">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libm:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmagic:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.13</a> -- <a href=
              "#libmagic">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libman:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#libman">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmandb:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.6.3</a> --
              <a href="#libmandb">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmcheck:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libmcheck">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmemusage:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libmemusage">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmenu:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#libmenu">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmount:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libmount">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-5.1.1</a> -- <a href=
              "#libmp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmpc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.0.1</a> -- <a href=
              "#libmpc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmpfr:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-3.1.1</a> -- <a href=
              "#libmpfr">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libmudflap*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libmudflap">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libncurses:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#libncurses">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libnsl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libnsl">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libnss:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libnss">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libopcodes:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.23.1</a> --
              <a href="#libopcodes">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libpanel:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-5.9</a> --
              <a href="#libpanel">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libpcprofile:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libpcprofile">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libpipeline:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.2.2</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libprocps:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.6</a> --
              <a href="#libprocps">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libpthread:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libpthread">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libquadmath*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libquadmath">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libquota:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#libquota">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libreadline:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-6.2</a> --
              <a href="#libreadline">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libresolv:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libresolv">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">librpcsvc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#librpcsvc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">librt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#librt">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libSegFault:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libSegFault">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libss:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.42.7</a>
              -- <a href="#libss">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libssp*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libssp">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libstdbuf.so:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.21</a> --
              <a href="#libstdbuf">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libstdc++:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libstdc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libsupc++:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-4.7.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libsupc">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libtcl8.6.so:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.0</a> -- <a href=
              "#libtcl8.6.so">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libtclstub8.6.a:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.0</a> -- <a href=
              "#libtclstub8.6.a">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libthread_db:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libthread_db">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libudev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#libudev">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libutil:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.17</a> --
              <a href="#libutil">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libuuid:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.22.2</a> -- <a href=
              "#libuuid">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">liby.a:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-2.7</a> -- <a href=
              "#liby.a">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">libz:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.7</a> -- <a href=
              "#libz">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">preloadable_libintl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.18.2</a> --
              <a href="#preloadable_libintl.so">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <h2>
            <a id="scripts-index" name="scripts-index"></a>Scripts
          </h2>
          <ul>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">checkfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#checkfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">cleanfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#cleanfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">console:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#console-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-console">Configuring the
                  Linux Console</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">functions:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#functions-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">halt:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#halt-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">hostname:</strong>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-hostname">Configuring the
                  system hostname</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ifdown:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#ifdown-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">ifup:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#ifup-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">localnet:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#localnet-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-hosts">Customizing the
                  /etc/hosts File</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">modules:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#modules-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mountfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#mountfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">mountkernfs:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#mountkernfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">network:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#network-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-hosts">Customizing the
                  /etc/hosts File</a></span>
                </li>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-network">General Network
                  Configuration</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">rc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#rc-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">reboot:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#reboot-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sendsignals:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#sendsignals-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">setclock:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#setclock-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-setclock">Configuring the
                  setclock Script</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">static:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#static-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">swap:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#swap-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sysctl:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#sysctl-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">sysklogd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#sysklogd-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
              <ul>
                <li>
                  <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
                  "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-sysklogd">Configuring the
                  sysklogd Script</a></span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">template:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#template-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">udev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#udev-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">udev_retry:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-scripts-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20130123</a> --
              <a href="#udev-retry-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <h2>
            <a id="other-index" name="other-index"></a>Others
          </h2>
          <ul>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/boot/config-3.8.1:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-3.8.1</a> --
              <a href="#config">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/boot/System.map-3.8.1:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-3.8.1</a> -- <a href=
              "#System.map">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/dev/*:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kernfs">Preparing Virtual Kernel
              File Systems</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/fstab:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-fstab">Creating the /etc/fstab
              File</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/group:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
              Files and Symlinks</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-hosts">Customizing the
              /etc/hosts File</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/inittab:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysvinit">Configuring
              Sysvinit</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/inputrc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-inputrc">Creating the
              /etc/inputrc File</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/ld.so.conf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#conf-ld">Configuring the Dynamic
              Loader</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/lfs-release:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/localtime:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#conf-glibc">Configuring Glibc</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href="#conf-modprobe">Configuring
              Linux Module Load Order</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/nsswitch.conf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#conf-glibc">Configuring Glibc</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/passwd:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
              Files and Symlinks</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/profile:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-scripts-profile">The Bash Shell Startup
              Files</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/protocols:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/resolv.conf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#resolv.conf">Creating the /etc/resolv.conf
              File</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/services:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/syslog.conf:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysklogd">Configuring
              Sysklogd</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/udev:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-udev">Udev-197 (Extracted from
              systemd-197)</a> -- <a href=
              "#etc-udev">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/etc/vimrc:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#conf-vim">Configuring Vim</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#asm-generic">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/asm/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#asm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/drm/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#drm">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/linux/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#linux">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/mtd/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#mtd">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/rdma/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#rdma">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/scsi/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#scsi">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/sound/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#sound">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/video/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#video">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/usr/include/xen/*.h:</strong>
              <span class="indexref"><a href=
              "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-3.8.1 API Headers</a> --
              <a href="#xen">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/var/log/btmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
              Files and Symlinks</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/var/log/lastlog:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
              Files and Symlinks</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/var/log/wtmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
              Files and Symlinks</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">/var/run/utmp:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
              Files and Symlinks</a></span>
            </li>
            <li>
              <strong class="item">man pages:</strong> <span class=
              "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-3.47</a> --
              <a href="#man-pages">description</a><br /></span>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </body>
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